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Tutorial On Properties of Transition Metal and Magnetism.: Prepared by Lawrence Kok
Tutorial On Properties of Transition Metal and Magnetism.: Prepared by Lawrence Kok
Prepared by
Lawrence Kok
awrencekok.blogspot.com
Periodic Table of elements divided into s, p, d, f block
s block
s orbital partially fill
p block
d block
p orbital partially fill
d orbital partially filled
transition element
f block
f orbital partially fill
s block element Periodic Table s, p d, f block element p block element
s orbitals partially fill p orbital partially fill
5 B [He] 2s2
1 H 1s1 2p1
2 H 1s2 n = 1 peri
od 1 6 C [He] 2s2
e n = 2 period 2
2p2
3 Li [He] 2s1 2
p eriod 7 N [He] 2s2
4 Be [He] 2s2 n=2
2p3
d3
eri o n
= 8 O [He] 2s2
p 3
11 Na [Ne] 3s =3 2p4
1
pe
n rio
d
4
12 Mg [Ne] 3s2 d 3 9
13 F
Al [He]
[Ne] 2s
3s2 3p1
ri o
2p5
pe
10 N [He] 2s2
=
19 K [Ar] 4s 1
n
15 P
e [Ne]
2p6 3s2 3p3
20 Ca [Ar] 4s2 16 S [Ne] 3s2 3p4
17 CI [Ne] 3s2 3p5
4
transition elements
=
n
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d5 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p2 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d104s2 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p5
[Ar] 4s1 3d5 [Ar] 4s2 3d10 4p2 [Kr] 5s2 4d10 5p5
2
2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d104s2 4p6 5s22
1s 4d
2s102 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d104s2 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 1s
4f14
2
2s
5d 2p 3s2 3p6 3d104s2 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10
2 10 6
r] 5s2 4d10 [Xe] 6s 4f2 14
5d10
[Xe] 6s 4f14 5d10 6p2
2
Period 4
Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu
4s
3d
Shielding by 3d electron
Shielding by 3d electron
Balance increase in nuclear charge
Small increase in IE
Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn
Easier to lose outer electron Nuclear pull
Variable oxidation state
+21 +22 +23 +24 +25 +26 +27 +28 +29 +30
Transition Metal (d
block )
K
4s1
Ca
4s2
Across period
Cr - 4s13d5 Cu - 4s13d10
half filled more stable fully filled more stable
Filling electron- 4s level lower, fill first Losing electron- 4s higher, lose first
Transition Metal (d
block )
d block element with half/partially fill d orbital / sublevel in one or more of its oxidation states
Lose electron
Formation ions
Sc3+ Zn 2+
4s03d0 4s03d10
NOT NOT
Transition Partially fill d orbital Transition
element. element.
Sc Sc Zn Zn2+
3+
4s 3d
2 10
4s0
4s23d1 3d10
4s0 3d0 fully fill d orbital
empty d
orbital
Transition Metal
Sc +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2
IE increase
Zn
+3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3
EN increase
+4 +4 +4 +4 +4 +4
Atomic size decrease
+5 +5 +5 +5 +5
molecule adsorp on
surface catalyst +6 +6 +6
+7
Transition Metal Variable Oxidation States
+7 (MnO4)-
oxides
oxyanion
+6 Cr2O 7
2-
(MnO4) 2- Highest oxidation states bind to oxygen
+5 V2O5 MnCI4
+4 TiCI4 (VO2)2+ MnCI3
chlorides
+3 ScCI3 TiCI3 VCI3 CrCI3 MnCI2 FeCI3 CoCI3
+2 CrCI2 FeCI2 CoCI2 NiCI2 CuCI2 ZnCI2
reas
es +7
r inc
on n
um be
+6 +6
Ox i d
at i
+5
+4 +4
+3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3
+2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2
Oxidation state +3 common (Sc Oxidation state Mn highest Oxidation state +2 common (Co
Fe) +7 Zn)
Highest oxidation state
Easier to lose electron exist Harder to lose electron
Nuclear charge (NC ) from Sc Element bond to oxygen Nuclear charge (NC ) from Co
- Fe - Zn
Ionic bond more common for lower oxi Transition metal variable
(oxide/oxyanion)
states oxidation state
TiCI2 Ionic bonding
Covalent bond more common for higher 4s and 3d orbital close in
oxi states energy
TiCI4 Covalent bonding
Transition Metal
Formation
Formation coloured
coloured complexes
complexes Variable
Variable Oxidation
Oxidation states
states
Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn
+
1
+ + + + + + + + + +
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
+ + + + + + + +
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
+ + + + + + +
Colour formation 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
+ + + + +
Diff ligand
+3- most common5 5 + 7- 5
Highest
5 5 + 2- most common
Nature of Oxidation Shape
transition metal state Stereochemistry
oxi state oxi state oxi state
+ + +
6 6 6
+
7
Yellow Blue
Click here vanadium ion complexes Click here nickel ion complexes
Formation
Formation complex
complex ion
ion
Ligand
Transition Metal
ion Ligand
Neutral/anion species that donate lone pair/non bonding electron pair to metal ion
Transition Metal ion
Lewis base, lone pair donor dative bond with metal ion
High charged density
metal ion
Partially fill 3d orbital Monodentat Bidentate
Attract to ligand e
Form dative/co-ordinate C2O42- C2H4(NH2)2
bond
(lone pair from ligand)
Neutral Anion ligand
ligand
.
H2O CI : CI :
:
Polydentat
CN e
NH3 O2-
OH
CO
SCN
Transition metal + ligand =
Complex Ion
Drawing complex ion
Overall charged on complex ion
Metal ion in center (+ve charged)
Ligand attach +3
+2 Dative bond from ligand
[Ag(CN)2]- CN = -1 +1 -1
Square [Cu(CI)4]2- CI = -1 +2 -2
L: :L
4 planar
[Cu(NH3)4]2+ NH3 = 0 +2 +2 L:
M n+
:L
[Co(CI)4]2- CI = -1 +2 -2
:L
4
Tetrahedr [Cu(CI)4]2- CI = -1 +2 -2
al Mn+
[Zn(NH3)4]2+ NH3 = 0 +2 +2 :L :L
:L
[Mn(CI)4]2- CI = -1 +2 -2
:L
Octahedr [ Cu(H2O)6] 2+
H 2O = 0 +2 +2
6 al
[Fe(OH)3(H2O)3] OH = -1
H 2O = 0
+3 o
:L
:L
Mn+
:L
:L
[Fe(CN)6]3- CN = -1 +3 -3 :L
[Cr(NH3Types
)4CI2]+ of ligand:
NH3 = 0 +3 +1
onodentate 1 lone pair electron donor H 2O, F-, CI CI=
-
, NH
-1 3, OH , SCN CN
- - -
dentate 2 lone pair electron donor 1,2 diaminoethane H 2NCH2CH2NH2, ethanedioate (C2O4)2-
lydentate 6 lone pair electron donor EDTA 4- (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid)
Ligand displacement
Ligand
Neutral/anion species that donate lone pair/non bonding electron pair to metal ion
Lewis base, lone pair donor dative bond with metal ion
Monodentat
e
Neutral Anion ligand Bidentate Polydentat
ligand e
.
C2O42- C2H4(NH2)2
H2O CI : CI :
:
CN
O2-
NH3
OH
Co/CN > en > NH3 > SCN- > H2O > C2O42- > OH- > F- > CI- > Br- > I-
2+ Chelating agent
EDTA for removal of Ca2+
Prevent blood clotting
Detoxify by removing heavy
H2O displace CI- displace metal poisoning
by CI- by NH3
Tetraaqua
copper(II) ion
Tetrachloro
copper(II) ion
Tetraamine
copper(II) ion
Stronger
Stronger
ligand ligand
Magnetic properties of transition metals
Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Zn
4s
3d
Spinning electron in atom behave like tiny magnet
Paired electron spin cancel NO net magnetic effect Unpaired electron net spin Magnetic effec
Material
Click here paramagnetism Click here paramagnetism Click here levitation bismuth Click here levitation
Magnetic properties of transition metals
Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Zn
4s
3d
Paramagnetic Diamagnetic
molecule adsorp on
surface catalyst
Bond break
Bond making
Pt/Pd
Pt/Pdsurface
surface
Haber Process Production ammonia for fertiliser/ agriculture Hydrogenation Process- Margerine and trans fat
3H2 + N2 2NH3 C2H4 + H2 C2H6
Iron , Fe Nickel, Ni
NH3
Contact Process Sulphuric acid/batteries Vitamin B12 RBC production Catalytic converter Convertion to CO2 and N2
2SO2 + O2 2SO3 2CO + 2NO 2CO2 + N2
Co3+
Fe2+ O2
Acknowledgements
Thanks to source of pictures and video used in this
presentation
http://crescentok.com/staff/jaskew/isr/tigerchem/econfig/electron4.htm
http://pureinfotech.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/periodicTable_20120926101018.png
Check out more video tutorials from my site and hope you enjoy this tutorial
http://lawrencekok.blogspot.com