Electromagnetism

http://www.windpower.org/en/stat/emag/emagn.htm
 Electromagnetism
The current magnetizes the iron core and
creates a pair of magnetic poles, one
North, and the other South.
The two compass needles consequently
point in opposite directions.
Induction
The light bulb flashes the moment you
connect the switch to the battery.
The explanation is, that the magnetic
field coming from the upper
electromagnet flows through the lower
iron core.
The change in that magnetic field, in
turn induces an electric current in the
lower coil.
The current in the lower coil ceases
once the magnetic field has stabilized.
If you switch off the current , you get
another flash, because the magnetic
field disappears. The change in the
field induces another current in the
lower core, and makes the light bulb
flash again.
 Simple AC Generator

Source: http://www.tpub.com/content/doe/h1011v3/css/h1011v3_111.htm
 Simple AC Generator
In this type of generator, a DC source
is supplied to the rotating field coils.
This produces a magnetic field around
the rotating element.
As the rotor is turned by the prime mover,
the magnetic field will cut the conductors
of the stationary armature, and an EMF
will be induced into the armature windings.
 Alternating Current
With an alternating current in the electrical grid,
the current changes direction very rapidly, as
illustrated on the graph above.
Ordinary household current in most of the world
is 230 Volts alternating current with 50 cycles per
second = 50 Hz
"Hertz" named after the German Physicist H.R. Hertz
(1857-1894).
The number of cycles per second is also called
the frequency of the grid.
In USA household current is 130 volts with 60
cycles per second (60 Hz).
 Phase Angle
http://www.windpower.org/en/stat/unitsac.htm

Since the voltage in an alternating current system keeps oscillating

up and down one cannot connect a generator safely to the grid,
unless the current from the generator oscillates with exactly the
same frequency, and is exactly "in step" with the grid,
i.e. that the timing of the voltage cycles from the generator coincides
exactly with those of the grid.
Being "in step" with the grid is normally called being in phase with the
grid.
If the currents are not in phase, there will be a huge power surge
which will result in huge sparks, and ultimately damage to the circuit
breaker (the switch), and/or the generator.
In other words, connecting two live AC lines is a bit like jumping onto
a moving seesaw.
If you do not have exactly the same speed and direction as the seesaw,
both you and the people on the seesaw are likely to get hurt.
Stationary Armature 3 Phase
Generator

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 Three-Phase AC Generators
The principles of a three-phase generator
are basically the same as that of a
single-phase generator.
There are three equally-spaced windings
and three output voltages.
These are all 120 out of phase with
one another.
Connecting a 3 Phase Generator to
the Network
 Phase Angle
http://www.windpower.org/en/stat/unitsac.htm

Since the voltage in an alternating current system keeps oscillating

up and down you cannot connect a generator safely to the grid,
unless the current from the generator oscillates with exactly the
same frequency, and is exactly "in step" with the grid,
i.e. that the timing of the voltage cycles from the generator coincides
exactly with those of the grid. Being "in step" with the grid is normally
called being in phase with the grid.
If the currents are not in phase, there will be a huge power surge
which will result in huge sparks, and ultimately damage to the circuit
breaker (the switch), and/or the generator.
In other words, connecting two live AC lines is a bit like jumping onto
a moving seesaw.
If you do not have exactly the same speed and direction as the seesaw,
both you and the people on the seesaw are likely to get hurt.
 Power Quality
The term "power quality" refers to the
voltage stability, frequency stability, and
the absence of various forms of electrical
noise (e.g. flicker or harmonic distortion)
on the electrical grid.
More broadly speaking, power companies
(and their customers) prefer an alternating
current with a nice sinusoidal shape.
 Starting and Stopping
Most electronic wind turbine controllers are programmed
to let the turbine run idle without grid connection at low
wind speeds.
If it were connected to the grid at low wind speeds,
energy will flow from the grid to the turbine and it would
run as a motor.
The motor may over-speed and be damaged.
There are several safety devices, including fail-safe brakes, in
case the correct start procedure fails.
Once the wind becomes powerful enough to turn the
rotor and generator at their rated speed, the turbine
generator becomes connected to the electrical grid at the
right moment.
This is done using electrical controllers.
 Effects of Sudden Starts
If you switched a large wind turbine on to the
grid with a normal switch, the neighbors would
initially see a brownout
This is because of the current required to magnetize
the generator.
This is followed by a power peak due to the
generator current surging into the grid.
Another unpleasant side effect of using a "hard"
switch would be to put a lot of extra wear on the
gearbox, since the cut-in of the generator would
work as if you all of a sudden slammed on the
mechanical brake of the turbine.
 Soft Starting with Thyristors
To prevent this situation, modern wind turbines are soft
starting.
They connect and disconnect gradually to the grid using
thyristors, a type of semiconductor continuous switches
which may be controlled electronically.
You may in fact have a thyristor in your own home, if you own a
modern light dimmer, where you can adjust the voltage on your
lamps continuously.
Thyristors waste about 1 to 2 per cent of the energy
running through them.
Modern wind turbines are therefore normally equipped
with a so called bypass switch, i.e. a mechanical switch
This is activated after the turbine has been soft started,
and the thyristor is bypassed.
 Power Quality issues:
Weak Grids
If a turbine is connected to a weak electrical grid, (i.e. it
is vary far away in a remote corner of the electrical grid
with a low power-carrying ability), there may be some
brownout / power surge problems of the sort mentioned
above.
In such cases it may be necessary to reinforce the grid,
in order to carry the fluctuating current from the wind
turbine.
Local power companies have experience in dealing with
these potential problems, because they are the exact
mirror-image of connecting a large electricity user, (e.g. a
factory with large electrical motors) to the grid.
 Power Quality Issues: Flicker
Flicker is an engineering expression for short
lived voltage variations in the electrical grid
which may cause light bulbs to flicker.
This phenomenon may be occur if a wind turbine
is connected to a weak grid, since short-lived
wind variations will cause variations in power
output.
There are various ways of dealing with this issue
in the design of the turbine:
mechanically, electrically, and using power electronics
 Power Quality issues: Islanding
Islanding is a situation which may occur if a section of the electrical grid
becomes disconnected from the main electrical grid, e.g. because of
accidental or intended tripping of a large circuit breaker in the grid (e.g. due
to lightning strikes or short circuits in the grid).
If wind turbines keep on running in the isolated part of the grid, then it is
very likely that the two separate grids will not be in phase after a short while.
Once the connection to the main grid is re-established it may cause huge
current surges in the grid and the wind turbine generator.
It would also cause a large release of energy in the mechanical drive train
(i.e. the shafts, the gear box and the rotor of the wind turbine) much like
"hard switching" the turbine generator onto the grid would do.
The electronic controller of the wind turbine will therefore constantly have to
monitor the voltage and frequency of the alternating current in the grid.
In case the voltage or frequency of the local grid drift outside certain limits
within a fraction of a second, the turbine will automatically disconnect from
the grid, and stop itself immediately afterwards.
Normally by activating the aerodynamic brakes