Embedded System in Automobiles

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 EMBEDDED SYSTEM

A combination of hardware and software which together form a

component of a larger machine.

An example of an embedded system is a microprocessor that

controls an automobile engine.

An embedded system is designed to run on its own without human

intervention, and may be required to respond to events in real time.
Block Diagram of A Typical Embedded
System
 CHARACTERISTICS OF EMBEDDED
SYSTEMS
Sophisticated functionality
Often have to run sophisticated algorithms or multiple algorithms. Often
provide sophisticated user interfaces.
Real-time operation
Must finish operations by deadlines.
Hard real time: missing deadline causes failure.
Soft real time: missing deadline results in degraded performance.
Many systems are multi-rate: must handle operations at widely varying rates.
Low manufacturing cost.
Low power.
Designed to tight deadlines by small teams.
 APPLICATIONS IN AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEM

Air Bags Drive by wire

Traction Control Satellite Radio E.g.: XM
The Black Box Back-up collision sensor
Automatic Parking Telematics E.g.: OnStar
Anti-lock Brake Rain-sensing Wipers
Adaptive Cruise Navigation Systems
Heads-up display Control Emission Control
Night Vision Tire Pressure Monitor
Climate Control
 CAN (CONTROLLER AREA NETWORK)
CAN is a hardware and software communication protocol for in-vehicle networks in cars.
The applications of CAN in automobiles include engine control communications, body control, and
on-board diagnostics.
A CAN bus enables microcontrollers in a car to talk to each other without the need for a network
host.
A typical automobile today has dozens of microcontrollers that communicate with each other via
various CAN buses.
Key Features
Maximum Data Rates: 1Mbps at 40m, 125Kbps at Transmission Format: Asynchronous
500m, 50kbps at 1000m Drive Voltage: High: 2.75v ~ 4.5v; Low: 0.5v ~ 2.25v;
Circuit Type: Differential Differential: 1.5v ~ 3.0v
Physical Layer: Twisted Wire Pair, 9 pin D-Sub Network Topology: Point to Point
Standards: ISO 11898/11519
 CAN BUS INTERFACE

Engine Control
Engine Control CAN Buses
Unit ECU
Unit ECU

Transmission Airbags Control Cruise Control Window Mirror

Transmission Airbags ABS Node
Control Node NodesControl ABS Node
Cruise
NodeControl Window
ControlMirror
Control Node Nodes Node Control
 AIRBAG SYSTEM

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 EDR-ELECTRONIC DATA RECORDERS

Electronic data recorders- similar to the Black Box flight recorders used on
airplanes
It records a few seconds of a vehicles operation immediately before the crash.
EDRs usually are connected to a vehicles air bag control system and
continuously record and rerecord data from connected sensors.
In an accident in which air bags are deployed , EDR records are captured for
analysis.
EDR BLOCK DIAGRAM
 ANTI-LOCK BRAKE SYSTEM (ABS)
The antilock braking system is designed to
prevent wheels locking or skidding, no
matter how hard brakes are applied, or
how slippery the road surface.

The primary components of the ABS

braking system are:

Electronic control unit (ECU)

Hydraulic control unit or modulator
Power booster & master cylinder
assembly
Wheel sensor unit
 BASIC ANTI-LOCK BRAKE SYSTEM

sensor sensor

Brake Brake

ABS
ABS Hydraulic
control Hydraulic
control Pump
module Pump
module

Brake Brake

sensor sensor
 PRINCIPLE OF FUNCTIONING

Wheel-speed sensors detect whether a wheel is showing a tendency to lock-up.

In case of a lock-up tendency, the electronic control unit reduces the braking pressure
individually at the wheel concerned.

High-speed correction of the braking pressure up to shortly before the lock-up

threshold.

The brake-fluid return together with the closed-loop brake circuits makes this a safe,
reliable, and cost-effective system.
 The vehicle remains steerable
even during panic braking

The vehicle is remains no longer steerable

when the driver hits the brake
 TRACTION CONTROL

Traction Control works by regulating the distribution of torque to

each wheel of the vehicle.

This stops the tires from spinning, and ensures that the car moves
forward.

It also ensures that brake pressure is electronically controlled at

each wheel to suppress wheel spin and maintain optimum traction,
so drive force is optimally distributed to all four wheels.
 VEHICLE STABILITY CONTROL (VSC)

System that ensures control in concerning situations the way ABS does under
braking and TRC does under acceleration .
The VSC system utilizes electronics sensors in conjunction with the ABS and
TRC hardware to help control any potential understeer or oversteer situations.
Understeer is when the vehicle loses front-wheel traction and wants to push
forward nose first
OverSteer is when the rear wheels lose traction and tail begins to slide
CRUISE CONTROL SYSTEM

The cruise control system controls the

speed of the car by adjusting the throttle
position, so it needs sensors to tell it the
speed and throttle position.
It also needs to monitor the controls so it
can tell what the desired speed is and
when to disengage.
Adaptive Cruise Control
 INTELLIGENT CRUISE CONTROL

Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control with Collision Warning (CACC + CW)

CACC: Cruise at given speed when the road is clear (cruise control) otherwise follow
the car in front, using radar (adaptive) and/or communications (cooperative).
CW: Warn the driver when an object is being approached too fast, or is too close.

Principle of Operation of
Adaptive Cruise Control
 CACC system is effective when the
adaptive cruise control fails to perform
correctly due to the radar's line-of-sight
scanning.

When the car approaches a sharp

curve, the DSRC system warns the
adaptive cruise control system of any
slow moving vehicles just around the
turn.

Dedicated Short Range

Communications (DSRC) is a data-only
automotive communication protocol.
 APPROACHING EMERGENCY VEHICLE
WARNING
Vehicle to vehicle DSRC would enable information about an approaching
emergency vehicle to be relayed from vehicle to vehicle forward through traffic.
This would help to clear the way for the emergency vehicle and reduce the risk to
other vehicles. Information about
approaching emergency
vehicle sent ahead through
vehicle using DSRC
 DRIVE BY WIRE
This technology replaces the traditional
mechanical control systems with electronic
control systems using electromechanical
actuators and human-machine interfaces.
It means Drive by wire replaces mechanical
connections push rods, rack & pinion,
steering columns, overhead cams, cables
by mechatronic connections sensors,
actuators, embedded microprocessors,
control software
Drive by wire involves 3 main
systems:

Steer by Wire
Throttle by Wire
Brake by Wire
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 CONCLUSION

In the recent years, more and more equipment in automotive are changing
from mechanical systems to electronic systems.
Embedded system is a core of vehicle electronic systems because of its
flexibility and versatility.
The electronics revolution has influenced almost every aspect of automotive
design including the powertrain, fuel combustion, crash protection and the
creation of a comfortable cabin and nearly wireless environment.
It is necessary to pay more attention to the fields of environments, safety and
security, which are the most significant and challenge field of automotive
embedded system design.
 REFERENCES

www.wikipedia.org
http://www.cvel.clemson.edu/
http://auto.howstuffworks.com/
http://www.toyota.com.au/
http://www.cdxetextbook.com/
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