Group 6

Inayah Taslimah
Lulu Oktavia
Risna Rahayu
 Language acquisition whereby children
acquire their first language.
Children may acquire one or more first
language.
 The earliest vocalizations
Involuntary crying
Cooing and gurgling
Showing satisfaction or happiness
 BehavioristTheory
Innateness Theory
Cognitive Theory
 B.F Skinners Verbal Behavior (1957)
applied a functional analysis approach to
analyze language behavior in terms of their
natural occurrence in response to
environmental circumstances and the
effects they have on human interactions.
Relies on the components of classical,
which involves unconditioned and
conditioned stimuli, and operant
conditioning but particularly the elements
of operational conditioning.
Language learning is the result of:
Imitation (word for word repetition)
Practice (repetitive manipulation of form)
feedback on success (positive
reinforcement)
Habit formation.
 Childrens practice of new language forms
Substitutions drills
It is selective and reflects what they
would like to learn
They pick out patterns/rules and then
generalize or over generalize them to
new contexts
 Noam Chomsky: proposes that children have
an inborn or innate faculty for language
acquisition that is biologically determined
Being biologically prepared to acquire
language regardless of setting is due to the
childs language acquisition device (LAD),
which is used as a mechanism for working out
the rules of language.
Jean Piaget: children do not think like adults
and so before they can begin to develop
language they must first actively construct
their own understanding of the world through
their interactions with their environment.
Four stages of Piagets cognitive development
theory:
Sensor Motor Period (birth to 2 years)
Pre-Operational Period ( 2 years to 7)
Egocentrism
Operational Period (7 to 11 years) and (11
years to adulthood)
 Second-language acquisition (SLA), second
language learning, or L2 (language 2)
acquisition,
o is the process by which people learn a second
language
1. Interlanguage
an emerging language system in the mind
of a second-language learner.

There are three different processes that

influence the creation of interlanguages:
Language transfer
Overgeneralization
Simplification.
2. Sequences of Acquisitions
These studies showed that there was little
change in this order among learners with
different first languages.
1. Plural -s Girls go.
2. Progressive -ing Girls going.
3. Copula forms of be Girls are here.
Auxiliary forms of
4. Girls are going.
be
Definite and
5. indefinite The girls go.
articles the and a
6. Irregular past tense The girls went.
7. Third person -s The girl goes.
8. Possessive 's The girl's book.
A typical order of acquisition for English, according to
Vivian Cook's 2008 book Second Language Learning and
Language Teaching
a complex phenomenon resulting from
interaction between learners prior linguistic
knowledge, the target-language input they
encounter, and their cognitive processes.
Language transfer is not always from the
learners native language; it can also be from
a second language, or a third.
 Input comes from studies on reading: large
amounts of free voluntary reading have a
significant positive effect on learners'
vocabulary, grammar, and writing.
Input is also the mechanism by which people
learn languages according to the universal
grammar model.
 concerned with the mental processes
involved in language acquisition, and how
they can explain the nature of learners'
language knowledge.

- Micro Process
- Macro Process
 What is Psycholinguistic?

Psycholinguistic is the study of language

processing mechanism. Psycholinguistic
studies how word meaning, sentence
meaning, and discourse meaning are
computed are representing in the mind. In
short psycholinguistic seek to understand
how language is done.
 How are words stored and accessed in the
brain? All words are not processed the same.
Some take a long time to process; others a
short time.
 Several factors have been identified as being
critical in the speed of word recognition:
Frequency: How often has the word been
experienced?
Age of acquisition: When was the word first
learned?
Frequency is highly correlated with age of
acquisition. More frequent words are
typically learned earlier e.g. go, see,
etc. Words learned earlier named more
quickly and accurately.
 Language processing examined the spontaneous slips
of the tongue produced during speech. Slips of the
tongue involve the involuntary and unintended
switching of elements among words of a sentence.
Normally the onset or rhyme of adjacent syllables is
switched and this phenomenon offers firm evidence
for the validity of the syllable as a phonological unit.
One kind of slip the tongue is known as spoonerism. A
spooner who was famous for producing speech errors,
some of his well-known mistakes are:
What he intended : The dear old queen
What he said : The queer old queen
What he intended : You have wasted the whole
term.
What he said : You have tasted the whole worm.
Intended : Id forgotten about that.
Produced : Id forgot aboutten that.
 Because language processing involves
computation and representation that cannot
be observed and measured directly,
psycholinguistic have devised special
experiments technique. Some of these
techniques such as: lexical decision, and
priming, measures a subjects response time
and response accuracy to linguistic stimuli.
Other techniques measure eye movements
while subject are reading silently and others
measure electrical activity in the brain
during language processing.
Lexical decision can be used to explore
language representation and processing is to
investigate the speed and accuracy.
 The priming paradigm is an excellent
technique for probing how words are related
in the mind. One of the first experiments
using paradigm show that response time is
faster when a target is preceded by a
semantically related prime (e.g., cat-dog) as
compared to when it is preceded by an
unrelated prime (e.g., bat-dog). Result of
this short lead us to the view that words are
related in the minds in term of networks.