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Chapter 6
Terry A. Ring
Heuristics
1-Select raw materials and chemical
reactions to avoid or reduce the handling
and storage of hazardous and toxic
chemicals.
2-Use an excess of one chemical reactant
in a reaction to consume completely a
valuable, toxic or hazardous chemical
reactant. (see MSDS for chemical
hazards)
Heuristics
3-For pure products, eliminate inert
species before reaction when separations
are easy and when the catalyst is
adversely affected by the inert, but not
when a large exothermic heat of reaction
must be removed.
A+BC
A D
Heuristic
7-For competing reactions, both in series
and parallel adjust T and P and catalyst to
obtain high yields of the desired products.
Check that there are no kinetic limits to
this assumption.
Heuristic
8-For reversible reactions, consider
conducting them in a separation device
capable of removing the products driving
the reaction to more products. This gives
a very different distribution of products.
Reactive Distillation
Reactor with selective membrane wall
Separation Heuristics
9- Separate liquid mixtures with distillation,
stripping, enhanced distillation, LL extraction,
crystallization and/or adsorption.
10-Condense vapor mixtures then separate via
Heuristic 9
11-Separate vapor mixtures using partial
condensation, cryo D, absorption, adsorption,
membrane sep. and/or desublimation.
12-20 Separations involving particles Heuristics
Reaction Heat Heuristics
21-High exothermic heat of reaction: Consider
using excess reactant, an inert diluents or cold
shots. Consider them early on in the design
22-Lower exothermic heat of reaction: Use heat
exchanger on/in reactor. Or use intercoolers
between adiabatic reaction stages.
23-High endothermic heat of reaction: Consider
use of excess reactant, inert diluents or hot
shots. Consider them early on in the design.
24-Lower endothermic heat of reaction: Use
heat exchanger on/in reactor. Or use
interheaters between adiabatic reaction stages.
Heat Exchanger Heuristics
25-Use shell and tube HX in counter current for process streams. For
T>750F use furnace.
26-Near optimal approach Ts
Below ambient 10F
Ambient to 300F 20F
Higher Temps 50F
250 to 350 for furnace
27-CW temperature range used is 90 to 120 F
28-Boiling a liquid use 45 F approach T
29-30 Other Heuristics
31- P in HX
1.5 psi for boiling or condensation
3 psi for gas
5 psi for low viscosity liquid
7-9 psi for high viscosity liquid
20 psi for process fluid in furnace
32-33 Other Heuristics
Pressure Operation Heuristics
40-42- pressure decrease
43-pump a liquid rather than compress a
gas, unless refrigeration is needed.
44- Air leak rate into vacuum
45-47 Vacuum pumps
Solid Particle Processing Heuristics
48-53 Covering
Conveying
Pneumatic
Conveyor belt
Reaction
Separations
Cyclone
Crystallization
Agglomeration
Heat transfer