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Lectures - Synchronous Machines
Lectures - Synchronous Machines
Synchronous Machines
N Non-uniform
air-gap
D 10 m
q-axis S S
Turbine
N
Hydro (water)
Hydrogenerator
Salient-Pole Synchronous Generator
Stator
le ro tor
en t - p o
Sali
Cylindrical-Rotor Synchronous Generator
Turbine D 1 m
L 10 m
Steam d-axis
Stator winding
High speed N
Uniform air-gap
3600 r/min -pole
Stator
1800 r/min -pole
q-axis Rotor winding
Direct-conductor cooling (using
Rotor
hydrogen or water as coolant)
Rating up to 2000 MVA S
Turbogenerator
Cylindrical-Rotor Synchronous Generator
Stator
Cylindrical rotor
Operation Principle
P nm
fe
120
If
Enl V fl
VR 100%
V fl
Where Vfl is the full-load terminal voltage, and Enl (equal to Ef)
is the no-load terminal voltage (internal voltage) at rated speed
when the load is removed without changing the field current.
For lagging power factor (PF), VR is fairly positive, for unity
PF, VR is small positive and for leading PF, VR is negative.
Equivalent Circuit_1
motor
Ia
jX jXl Ra
+
+
Ia
+ generator
Ef Eres Vt
E res jI a X s
jI a X l
Vt
Ia Ra
Ia
Phasor diagram of a cylindrical-rotor synchronous generator,
for the case of lagging power factor
The voltages and currents of the three phases are 120o apart in angle,
but otherwise the three phases are identical.
+
I a3
Ra
VL-L
jX s
Vt
+
Ef1
+ jXs Ra
E f3
Ia1
E
+
f2
VL-L =3Vt
Ia
jX
2
s
R
a
Determination of the parameters of the equivalent
circuit from test data
The equivalent circuit of a synchronous generator that has been
derived contains three quantities that must be determined in order
to completely describe the behaviour of a real synchronous
generator:
The saturation characteristic: relationship between If and (and
therefore between If and Ef)
The synchronous reactance, Xs
The armature resistance, Ra
If
+ A
Vdc A
Isc
DC Test
The purpose of the DC test is to determine Ra. A variable DC voltage
source is connected between two stator terminals.
The DC source is adjusted to provide approximately rated stator current,
and the resistance between the two stator leads is determined from the
voltmeter and ammeter readings
VDC
then RDC
I DC
If the stator is Y-connected, the per phase stator resistance is
RDC
Ra
2
If the stator is delta-connected, the per phase stator resistance is
3
Ra RDC
2
Determination of Xs
For a particular field current IfA, the internal voltage Ef (=VA) could
be found from the occ and the short-circuit current flow Isc,A could be
found from the scc.
Then the synchronous reactance Xs could be obtained using
VA E f
Z s ,unsat R X
2
a
2
s ,unsat
I scA
Ef or Vt (V) Air-gap line
OCC Isc (A) X s , unsat Z s2,unsat Ra2
Vrated
SCC
: Ra is known from the DC test.
VA
Isc,B Since Xs,unsat>>Ra,
Isc, A
Ef Vt , oc
IfA IfB
If (A) X s ,unsat
I scA I scA
Xs under saturated condition
Ef or Vt (V) Air-gap line
OCC Isc (A)
At V = Vrated, Vrated SCC
Vrated E f VA
Isc,B
Z s , sat R X
2
a
2
s ,sat Isc, A
I scB If (A)
IfA IfB
P = number of poles = 4
nm = mechanical speed of rotation in r/min.
So, speed of rotation nm = 120 fe / P
= (120 x 60)/4 = 1800 r/min
2. In open-circuit test, Ia = 0 and Ef =Vt
Ef = 540/1.732
= 311.8 V (as the machine is Y-connected)
In short-circuit test, terminals are shorted, Vt = 0
Ef = IaZs or Zs = Ef /Ia =311.8/300=1.04 ohm
From the DC test, Ra=VDC/(2IDC)
= 10/(2X25) = 0.2 ohm
Z s , sat R a2 X s2, sat
Synchronous reactance
X s, sat Z s2, sat R a2 1.04 2 0.2 2 1.02
Problem 1
Generator 1
b Load
c
Switch
a /
Generator 2 b/
c/
Synchronization
Generator Load
Rest of the
power system
Xs1
Ef1
Xs2
Generator Ef2
G
Xsn Infinite bus
Efn V, f are constant
Xs eq = 0
Concept of the infinite bus
Pm
Pe, Qe
Vt
Fig. Synchronous generator connected to an infinite bus.
Pm
Pe, Qe
Vt
Pm
The complex power output of the generator in volt- Pe, Qe
Vt
amperes per phase is given by
_
S P jQ V t I *a
where:
Vt = terminal voltage per phase
Ia* = complex conjugate of the armature current per phase
Vt E f sin
P &
Xs
Vt E f cos Vt2
Q
Xs
Active and reactive power-angle characteristics
Pm
Pe, Qe
Vt
The above two equations for active and reactive powers hold
good for cylindrical-rotor synchronous machines for negligible
resistance
To obtain the total power for a three-phase generator, the above
equations should be multiplied by 3 when the voltages are line-to-
neutral
If the line-to-line magnitudes are used for the voltages, however,
these equations give the total three-phase power
Steady-state power-angle or torque-angle characteristic of a
cylindrical-rotor synchronous machine (with negligible
armature resistance).
Real power or torque
Pull-out torque
as a generator
generator
motor
Pull-out torque
as a motor
Steady-state stability limit
3Vt E f
Total three-phase power: P sin
Xs
The above equation shows that the power produced by a synchronous
generator depends on the angle between the Vt and Ef. The maximum
power that the generator can supply occurs when =90o.
3Vt E f
P
Xs
P or Q
Fig. Active and reactive power as a function of the internal angle
Problem 2
Ef BR
Fig. The phasor diagram (leading PF: overexcited and |Vt|<|Ef|) and
the corresponding magnetic field diagram of a synchronous motor.
Vt
jIa Xs
Ia Ef
Synchronous motors are usually used in large sizes because in small sizes
they are costlier as compared with induction machines. The principal
advantages of using synchronous machine are as follows: