Chapter 1

Chemistry and measurement

1
Lecturer: DR HO SOON MIN

Room : A3-F06
Email: soonmin.ho@newinti.edu.my

2
 Learning objectives

To explain the law of conservation of mass

To compare three common states

To describe the classifications of matter

To distinguish between chemical properties and physical

properties

To convert from one temperature scale to another

To calculate the density of a substance

3
 Learning outcomes
students will be able to

Solve quantitative problems related to calculate the

density of a substance, convert from one temperature
scale to another.

Solve the qualitative problems related to define the law

of conservation of mass, compare three common
states, describe the classifications of matter,
distinguish between chemical properties and physical
properties
4
1.1 Modern chemistry: A brief Glimpse

The materials around us are composed of atoms

The precise arrangement of these atoms into molecules

5
 1.2 Experiment and explanation

Experiment : is an observation of natural phenomena

carried out in a controlled manner so that the results
can be duplicated

Theory: is a tested explanation of basic natural

phenomena.

6
 1.3 Law of conservation of mass

Mass The quantity of matter in a material.

Matter Whatever occupies space and can be perceived by

our senses.
Weight Is taken to be the force on the object due to gravity
Weigh =mass X gravity

Law of conservation of mass :

The total mass remains constant during
a chemical change [Lavoisier, a French chemist]]

7
 Conservation of mass - exercise

[1] A 15.9g sample of sodium carbonate is added to a solution

of acetic acid weighing 20 g. The two substances react,
releasing carbon dioxide gas to the atmosphere. After reaction,
the contents of the reaction vessel weighs 29.3 g. What is
the mass of carbon dioxide given off during the reaction?

8
 Conservation of mass - exercise

[2] Some iron wire weighing 5.6 g is placed in a beaker and

covered with 15 g of dilute hydrochloric acid. The acid reacts
with the metal and gives off hydrogen gas, which escapes into
the surrounding air. After reaction, the contents of the beaker
weighs 20.4 g. What is the mass of hydrogen gas produced by
the reaction?

9
1.4 Matter: physical state & chemical constitution

10
 Solids, liquids, gases - exercise

[1] Give the normal state (solid, liquid, or gas) of

each of the following.

[a] sodium hydrogen carbonate

[b] isopropyl alcohol
[c] oxygen
[d] copper

11
 Solids, liquids, gases - exercise

[2] Give the normal state (solid, liquid, or gas) of

each of the following.

[a] potassium hydrogen tartrate

[b] lead
[c] diamond
[d] bromine

12
Physical changes: Chemical changes
is a change in the form of matter but is a change in which
not in its chemical identity one or more kinds of
matter are transformed
into a new kind of
matter
Example: distillation Burning

Physical property Chemical property

Is a characteristics that can be
observed for a material without
changing its chemical identity
Example: colour, melting point, boiling
point
13
Is a characteristics of
a material involving its
chemical change
Example: iron reacts
with oxygen to produce
rust
 Chemical & physical changes - exercise

[1] Which of the following are physical changes and which

are chemical changes?

[a] melting of sodium chloride

[b] pulverizing of rock salt
[c] burning of sulfur
[d] dissolving of salt in water
[e] dissolving of sugar in water
[f] rusting of iron
[g] burning of wood
[h] evaporation of alcohol

14
Element That cannot be decomposed by any chemical reaction
into simpler substance
Example: Hydrogen, Carbon, Oxygen

Compound A substance composed of two or more elements

chemically combined
Example: H2O, CO2

Mixture A material that can be separated by physical means

into two or more substances
Example: Saltwater

Heterogeneous A mixture that consists of physically distinct parts, each with

Mixture different properties.
Example: Oil and vinegar

Homogenous A mixture that is uniform in its properties; also called a solution

Mixture Example: air, saltwater

15
16
 Solution, substance, mixtures-exercise

[1] Label each of the following as a substance, a

heterogeneous mixture or solution.
[a] seawater
[b] sulfur
[c] fluorine
[d] beach sand
[e] milk
[f] bromine
[g]gasoline
[h] aluminum

17
 1.5 Measurement and significant figures
Measurement significant figures

The comparison of a physical Are those digits in a measured

quantity with a fixed standard of number
measurementa unit.

Example: Centimeter If this digit is 5 or greater:

Kilogram Add 1 to the last digit to be
retained

If this digit is less than 5:

Drop all digits farther to
the right

18
 1.6 SI units

SI units: An international system of units made up of

a particular choice of metric units.

19
20
 SI units -exercise
[1] Write the following measurements, without
scientific notation, using the appropriate SI prefix.
[a] 5.89x 10-12 s
[b] 0.2010 m
[c] 2.560 x 10-9 g
[d] 6.05 x 103 m
[e] 4.851 x 10-6 g
[f] 3.16 x 10-2 m
[g] 2.591 x 10-9 s
[h] 8.93 x10-12 g

21
22
 Finding Kelvin temperature from Celsius temperature.

1K
tK tC 273.15 K
1C

Finding Fahrenheit temperature from Celsius temperature.

9F
tF tC 32
F
5C

23
 Temperature conversion exercise

Convert:
a. 68F to degrees Celsius

b. -23F to degrees Celsius

c. 26C to degrees Fahrenheit

d. -70C to degrees Fahrenheit

24
 Temperature conversion exercise

Convert:
e. 51F to degrees Celsius

f. -7F to degrees Celsius

g. -41C to degrees Fahrenheit

h. 22C to degrees Fahrenheit

25
 1.7 derived units

Derived units: Combinations of fundamental units.

Volume length width height m 3

For example:

distance m
Speed
time s

26
Quantity Definition of Quantity SI Unit
Area length length m2
Volume length length length m3
Density mass per unit volume kg/m3
Speed distance per unit time m/s
Acceleration change in speed per unit time m/s2

27
 Density

m
Mass per unit volume; d
V

Common units
solids g/cm3
liquids g/mL
gases g/L

28
 Density - exercise
[1] Platinum has a density of 21.4 g/cm3. What is the mass of
5.9 cm3 of this metal?

[2] What is the mass of a 43.8mL sample of gasoline, which has

a density of 0.70 g/cm3?

[3] Ethanol has a density of 0.789 g/cm3. What volume must be

poured into a graduated cylinder to give 19.8 g of alcohol?

29
 Density - exercise

[4] Bromine has a density of 3.10 g/mL. A sample of bromine

weighing 88.5 g occupies what volume?

[5] A certain sample of the lead sulfide weighs 12.4 g and has
a volume of 1.64 cm3. What is the density of lead sulfide?

[6] A flask contains 25 mL of diethyl ether weighing 17.84 g.

What is the density of the ether?

30
 1.8 units and dimensional analysis

Dimensional analysis: A method of calculations in which

one carries along the units for quantities.

Conversion factor: A factor equal to 1 that converts a

quantity expressed in one unit to a quantity expressed in
another unit.

31
 For example: volume in liters (L), a metric unit
that equals 103 cubic centimeters.

This problem requires converting a volume in cm3 to liters.

32
 Checking outcomes
To explain the law of conservation of mass

To compare three common states

To describe the classifications of matter

To distinguish between chemical properties and physical

properties

To convert from one temperature scale to another

To calculate the density of a substance

33