Training on

Geometrical Dimensioning & Tolerancing

(GD&T)

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Agenda
• SYMBOLS OF GD&T:
• DIMENSIONING:
• Form
• Unnecessary Dimensions • Straightness
• Locating Holes • Flatness
• Section Lines • Circularity
• Staggered Numerals • Cylindricity
• Arcs • Profile
• Notes • Profile of a Line
• Chamfers • Profile of a Surface
• Orientation
• TOLERANCING: • Angularity
• Perpendicularity
• Bilateral • Parallelism
• Cumulative • 2Location
• Position
• Concentricity
• Symmetry
• Run out
• Circular Run out
• Total run Out

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Projections
B
F

C D

A
E
THIRD ANGLE FIRST ANGLE

B E

C A D 3 D C
A

E B

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DIMENSIONING

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Dimensions

• Dimensions of Size – ‘S’

• Dimensions of Position – ‘P’

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Unnecessary Dimensions

One unnecessary dimension

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Unnecessary dimension omitted

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Dimensioning - Rectangular Prisms

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Dimensioning - Cylinders

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Locating Holes

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Locating Holes about a center

10

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Dimensions & Section Lines

11

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Staggered Numerals

12

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Dimensioning Arcs

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Arcs

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Dimensions inside view

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Dimensions for one view only

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Dimensioned distance given in normal view

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Dimensions midway between arrow heads

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Values Staggered for clarity

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Dimensions arranged in continuous form

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Dimensions Staggered

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Dimensioning Notes

22

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Dimensioning Notes

23

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Dimensioning Chamfers

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Examples

25

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TOLERANCING

26

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Method of giving Limits

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Tolerance Expression

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Bilateral Tolerances

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Cumulative Tolerances

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Geometrical Dimensioning
&
Tolerancing (GD & T)

31

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GD & T

• Uses symbols to specify geometric characteristics

and dimensional requirements
• Current GD&T standard: ANSI/ASME Y14.5M-1994
• Symbols for:
• Form and profile tolerances
• Orientation tolerances
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• Location tolerances
• Runout tolerances

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GD & T

• MMC – Maximum Material Condition

• LMC – Least Material Condition
• ISO standard of preferred metric limits and fits:
• In the dimension 16h11, the tolerance zone is
specified by a letter and a number, I.e. h11. An
uppercase letter indicates that the tolerance
applies to the hole; a33lowercase letter indicates
the tolerance applies to the shaft.

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GD & T

• Basic Dimension: Theoretically exact, untoleranced

dimensions that specify the perfect location, size,
shape, or angle of a feature.
• Basic dimensions are identified by enclosing the
dimension in a box.
• Basic dimensions specify theoretically exact value
from which variations are defined through feature
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control frames as well as toleranced features and
notes.
• General tolerances do not apply to basic dimensions.

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Geometric Characteristics (ANSI Y14.5M-1994)

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Feature Control Frame

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 Straightness
Form - Straightness F
O Flatness
R Circularity
M Cylindricity

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Form - Straightness F Straightness
O Flatness
R Circularity
M Cylindricity

38

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 Straightness
Form - Flatness F
O Flatness
R Circularity
M Cylindricity

39

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Form - Flatness F Straightness
O Flatness
R Circularity
M Cylindricity

40

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Form - Circularity F Straightness
O Flatness
R Circularity
M Cylindricity

41

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 Straightness
Form - Cylindricity F
O Flatness
R Circularity
M Cylindricity

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Profile – Surface all around PROFILE
Line
Surface

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Profile – Surface between points PROFILE
Line
Surface

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Profile – Surface of revolution PROFILE
Line
Surface

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Orientation - Angularity ORIENTATION
Angularity
Perpendicularity
Parallelism

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Orientation - Perpendicularity
ORIENTATION
Angularity
Perpendicularity
Parallelism

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 ORIENTATION
Orientation - Perpendicularity
Angularity
Perpendicularity
Parallelism

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Orientation - Perpendicularity ORIENTATION
Angularity
Perpendicularity
Parallelism

49

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 ORIENTATION
Orientation - Parallelism
Angularity
Perpendicularity
Parallelism

50

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 ORIENTATION
Orientation - Parallelism
Angularity
Perpendicularity
Parallelism

51

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 ORIENTATION
Orientation – Angularity & Parallelism
Angularity
Perpendicularity
Parallelism

52

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Location - Position LOCATION
Position
Concentricity
Symmetry

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Location - Position LOCATION
Position
Concentricity
Symmetry

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Location - Concentricity LOCATION
Position
Concentricity
Symmetry

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 RUNOUT
Runout – Circular & Total
Circular
Total

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Runout – Circular & Total RUNOUT
Circular
Total

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 Example
TOTAL RUNOUT
OF 0.03 w.r.t. “C” & “D”

RUNOUT
OF 0.01 w.r.t. “C” & “D”

PARALLELISM
OF 0.02 w.r.t. “C”

PROFILE_SURFACE
580.02 w.r.t. “C” & “D”
OF
PERPENDICULARITY
OF 0.02 w.r.t. “C”
CONCENTRICITY
OF 0.02 w.r.t. “D”

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