MECHANICAL DRAWING

INTRODUCTION

by Haluk Bayraktar
 ME231 Lecture Topics
• Overview of prerequisite course
• ISO Projections, standards, orthogonal and auxiliary projections
• Screws, keys, pins, rivets and other types of mechanical
connections
• Sectioning
• Dimensional Tolerances and ISO Fits
(Midterm Exam)
• Surface Quality
• Geometric Tolerances
(and if time allows)
• Gears, Bearings, Steel Structures, Piping, Electrical and
Welding Symbols
 Grading

Midterm Exam : 25-30%

Lab Quizes : 15-10%
CAD Project : 20%
Final Exam : 40%
Technical Drawing Review
 Types of Projection
• Parallel projection
– Orthographic projection
• Multiviews
– Plan, or floor plan
– Section
– Elevation
– Auxiliary
• Axonometric projection (i.e. pictorials)
– Isometric projection
– Dimetric projection
– Trimetric projection
– Oblique projection
• Cavalier projection
• Cabinet projection Perspective projection
– Linear perspective
• One-point perspective
• Two-point perspective
• Three-point perspective
• Zero-point perspective
– Curvilinear perspective
– Reverse perspective
Random Perspective and Isometric
Projections
Parallel vs. Perspective Projection
One Point Perspective Projection
 Two Point Perspective Projection
Horizon
Line

Vanishing Vanishing
Point Left Point Right
Three Point Perspective Projection
 Dimetric and Trimetric
Parallel Projections

Any two of the axes have the same shortening All axes have different shortening scales and
scale and angle angles
-92%
Dimetric,
Trimetric
-65%

-86% and Isometric

Parallel Projections
-47%
-94%

-94%

All axes have the same shortening

-82% scale and angle.
-82%
Therefore, you can use the actual
lengths instead of the scaled ones,
-82% without the need for calculation !
 Oblique Projections
• Drawn in arbitrary angle

Sub-types : Cavalier & Cabinet

Cavalier Projection
• Depth is unscaled
• Usually drawn at 30º
or 45 º
(Cavalier namely
dates back to
castle wars)
Cabinet Projection
• Depth is scaled
to ½
(different scales like 2/3 or ¾
are not Cabinet projections)

(Cabinet originates
from furniture industry)
Orthographic Projection Types

First Angle Projection

(ISO-E)

Note that Bottom view of 1st angle prj is

the same as Top view of the 3rd angle
projection

Likewise, Right view of 1st angle prj is

the same as Left view of 3rd angle prj.

Third Angle Projection

(ISO-A)
Orthographic Projection Types

First Angle Projection Third Angle Projection

(ISO-E) (ISO-A)
Orthographic Projection Types

IMPORTANT : This identification drawing explains it all.

Orthographic Projection Types

OR

1st Angle : ISO-E (Europe & TR)

3rd Angle : ISO-A (USA / ANSI) [some bit easier to visualise]
Auxiliary Projection (Yardımcı Görünüş)

Auxiliary view helps

reader identify true
lengths and views of
features.
Auxiliary Projection
Auxiliary Projection

Removed Relations
 Technical Drawing Review
A technical drawing must be brief, clean and
aesthetic, simply providing only the
necessary and sufficient information.
– Redundant information shall not be allowed
(such as repeating dimensions)
– Only required number of projections shall be
included (or as much as sufficient), examples :
• Steel plates may be defined by “thickness=..mm”
• Symmetrical parts may be defined with one half only
• Shafts may be shortened, or defined by multi-sections
• Bolts & Nuts and similar standard machine parts may
be symbolically identified, etc…
Standard Line Types, Scales and
Representations should be used.
Standard Scales :
50 20 10
5 2 1 1/2 1/5 1/10
1/20 1/50 1/100
1/200 1/500 1/1000
1/2,000 1/5,000 1/10,000

Projection types must be paid high attention

(ISO-A : 3rd Angle / ISO-E : 1st Angle)
 Linetypes and Lineweights

• Certain Linetypes and Lineweights must

be strictly used while creating a technical
drawing.
• However Linetypes may slightly differ in
respect to ISO standard type it belongs
and also by drawing traditions across
companies.
 Linetypes and Lineweights
0.5 mm

0.2 mm

Same for all

standards 0.35 mm
and
traditions 0.2 mm

0.2 mm

0.5 mm

May slightly 0.5 mm

differ
0.2 mm
Linetypes and Lineweights
in Detail
Linetypes with Examples

Projected Line
Example on Linetypes
No linetypes are
utilized other then
continuous lines.
Example on Linetypes
Centerlines and Axes
lines are added in
centerline linetype form.
 Example on Linetypes
You should never
forget centerlines
(axes and centers)
and hidden lines

Filletin No Filleting
g
 Example
No Filleting Filleting
 Dimensioning
 Includes :
 Dimensions (ex: Linear, Aligned, Angular, ISO fits etc.)
 Surface Quality (ex: Surface Roughness, Welding,
Hardening, etc.)
 Geometric Tolerances (ex: Perpendicularity, Flatness,
Concentricity, etc.)
 Done For :
1) Manufacturing (CNC or worker terminology is used)
2) Functioning (Assembly & Mechanism pov.)
3) Control (Quality Control)
 Dimensioning must be done very clean and
perceptible, allowing no confusion over values,
references or body of drawing.
 Reminders : (upside down)

 A dimension is never written upside down

 All co-oriented dimensions must align similar ! (so
that when you rotate the page once at most, you can read the rest of
the dims)
 Line Types must be strictly utilized !
 Dim lines shall preferably not intersect each other,
or the dim values, or the drawing itself
 When axis of symmetry is used, the symmetric
dimensions are not repeated
Basic Dimensioning Errors
Future Reminders
• Revolution of symmetrical features, like lugs or ribs
(No true projection !!)

Rib
• Conventional Revolution Lug

• Intersection of Cylinders
Future Reminders
• Runouts
No filleting with filleting with filleting with filleting

straight
termination filleted
termination

inward filleted
termination (top
outward filleted egdes are filleted)
termination
(top egdes not filleted)
D−d
• Conicality tan α ( 2) =
R−r
L
tan α =
L
Examples to Technical Drawing
of Mechanical Parts
Check out the Clarity of drawing
So many details are clearly expressed
How many views are necessary?
Answer : 2 ?
Or just 1 view

Thickness = 0.500”
 Advices on Technical Drawing
1.All CAPS!
2.All Decimals
3.Select a front view that best describes the part
4.Remove hidden lines unless absolutely necessary to describe the shape of the object
5.Consider datums and dimensioning scheme based on
1.Feature relationship
2.Manufacturability and inspection
3.Reduce math for machinist
6.Do not duplicate dimensions, use reference dims if necessary to duplicate
7.Do not dimension to hidden lines
8.Place dims between views if possible
9.No dims coinciding body of part. Offset 1cm from object outline
10.Place all dims for same feature in one view if possible
11.Dim lines cannot cross dim lines
12.Dim lines should not cross extension lines
13.Extension lines can cross extension lines
14.Use center marks in view(s) only where feature is dimensioned
15.Use centerlines and center marks in views only if feature is being dimensioned or
referenced, otherwise omit.
16.When multiples of the same feature exists in a view, dimension only one of the features
and label the dim as “NumberX”DIM meaning that the feature exists in that view
“Number” of times. For example, “4X 2.5”implies that in the view, there exists 4 like
dimensions for the dimensioned feature
17.Minimize use of centerlines between holes etc, they add little value and clutter the
object being drawn.
Calipers (Kumpaslar)
Micrometers (Mikrometreler)
 Manufacturing History
• ~1850 - Interchangeable Parts
- Drawing Conventions / Tolerances / Modern
Machine Development
• ~1900 - Standardized Work (Working Cond.,Tools, Equip,
Technical Proceedings, Administrative Proceedings, Workplace, Motion Sequencing,
Materials, Quality Req’s)
- Time Study
- Worker / Management Dichotomy
- Process Charts
- Motion Study
• ~1917 - Assembly Lines
- Flow Lines (Asynchronous, Synchronous, Continuous)
- Manufacturing Strategy
 Manufacturing History
• ~1945 - SPC (Statistical Process Control)
- TQM (Total Quality Management)
• ~1950 - 1990
- Just-In-Time System (JIT)
- TPS (Toyota Production System)
- Stockless Production
- World Class Manufacturing [Product, Quality, Delivery, Cost]
(TPM (total productive maintenance), EFQM, Kaizen, TQM, Six
Sigma, JIT, and Lean Manufacturing.)

• ~1995 - Lean Manufacturing

(systematic method for the elimination of waste in production)
 Manufacturing History
• The 7 Wastes of Manufacturing
(TIMWOOD)
1. Transportation
2. Inventory (stock and machinery)
3. Motion (in plant transportation and machine motion)
4. Waiting *
5. Over-processing * (too much quality)
6. Over-production
7. Defects * (scrap etc.)
 Modelling

• Major Types of Modeling

– Customer Modeling
– Requirement Modeling
– Analytic Modeling
Product
– Functional Modeling Model
– Geometric Modeling
 Parametric Solid Modeling (PSM)
• Is a must for designing a new product or
improving one
• Done using expert software like;
CATIA, PRO-ENGINEER, SOLIDWORKS,
UNIGRAPHICS, INVENTOR, I-DEAS,
RHINO, etc.
• Allows various further analyses of models,
such as Kinematic, Dynamic, Thermal,
Flow, Electrical, Magnetic, Ergonomic etc.
analyses.