CONTENTS

 INTRODUCTION
 FABRICATION
 NANO WIRE SENSORS:DEMONSTRATION AND
CONCEPTS
BIOCHEMICAL SENSORS
GAS SENSORS
Ph SENSORS
 ADVANTAGES
 CONCLUSION

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 INTRODUCTION

 LIMITATIONS OF CNTs AND SINWs :

 DISADVANTAGES IN EXISTING FABRICATION
METHODS
 IMPROPER SURFACE MODIFICATION METHODS
 INTRINSIC DRAWBACKS OF SILICON NANOWIRES
 TEDIOUS AND EXPENSIVE POSTGROWTH
ASSEMBLY PROCESS
COMPARISION OF STATE-OF-THE ART NANO SENSOR
MATERIALS
CNTs SINWs This Work

Materials Carbon Silicon Metal alloy, Metal

oxide,Conducting
Polymers
Deposition Laser Assisted Electro Chemical
Arc-discharge
method, Laser Super Critical Method
Techniques fluid solution
Assisted,Chemic
al vapour method
deposition
Manufacturability Difficult Difficult Easy

Functionality Single species Single species Multiple species

 FABRICATION

E-beam patterned electrolyte channel

Schematic of electrodeposited wire with contact electrodes

 Cyclic Voltamamogram of Pd electrodeposition

 Fig shows a cyclic voltammogram

of Pd p-salt plating solution using a
two electrode configuration.
 The reduction peak of Pd ions to Pd
is observed at –1.7 V. When a more
negative potential than –1.7 V is
applied to the electrode, a
significant increase in the current
density is observed which is due to
H2 gas evolution.
 A computer controlled
potentiostat/galvanostat is used to
grow Pd wires in galvanostatic
mode.
 The applied currents are –10 nA,
-20 nA, –100 nA, and –1000 nA and
corresponding potentials are
monitored.
Electrode arrays with e-beam patterned
electrolyte channels

(a)1 um width and 3 um

length wires (2 electrodes)

(b) 1um width and 3 um

length (3 electrodes)

(c) 500 nm width and 3 um

length (2 electrodes)

(d) 500 nm width and 3 um

length (3 electrodes).
 Measured electrical properties during
deposition

• (a) Cathode potential responses as a function of deposition

time deposition potential versus deposition time

• (b) Resistance change between anode and cathode as a

function of time: Deposition current was kept at –1000 nA
 OPTICAL IMAGES OF ELECTRODEPOSITED Pd
WIRES GROWN BETWEEN ELECTRODES

 Fig (a) Single wire

 Fig (b) Double wires

BIOCHEMICAL SENSORS

• OPERATING PRINCIPLE :
• DETECTION OF LOW MOLECULAR CONCENTRATIONS BY
MEASURING CHANGES IN THE ELECTRICAL CONDUCTANCE OF
NANO WIRES
• TYPES :
• AMPEROMETRIC BIOSENSORS :
• ELECTRONICALLY COUPLING APPROPRIATE REDOX ENZYMES
TO A METAL ELECTRODE
• CONDUCTOMETRIC BIOSENSORS :
• ENTRAPPING THE RELEVANT ENZYMES IN CONJUGATED
POLYMER NANOWIRES (Eg : POLYANILINE) ON AN ELECTRODE
• GLUCOSE SENSOR :
• BUNDLED Pt NANOWIRES HAVE A HIGH ROUGHNESS FACTOR
i.e.,iT HAS A HIGH EFFECTIVE SURFACE AREA
GAS SENSORS
 BASIC PRINCIPLE :
 DETECTION OF SMALL CONCENTRATIONS BY MEASURING
CHANGES IN ELECTRICAL CONDUCTANCE IN NANOWIRES
 PROPERTIES :
 FAST RESPONSE
 HIGHER SENSITIVITY
 MORE SELECTIVITY
 Pd NANOWIRES :
 LOW RESISTANCE AND HIGH SENSITIVITY TO HYDROGEN
 FAST RESPONSE TIME (<75ms)
 LOW POWER (<100nw)
 RESISTANT TO POISONOUS REACTIVE GASES LIKE O2,CO
Ph SENSORS

 WIDELY USED SOLID-STATE METAL OXIDES – Sb2O3

SENSORS

 FAST RESPONSE TIME

 DRIFT FREE BEHAVIOUR

 GOOD STABILITY IN HIGHLY ACIDIC AND ALKALINE

ENVIRONMENTS
ADVANTAGES
 Electrodeposition allows a high degree of specificity in
location and chemical identity of a deposit, as well as
control of thickness.

 It avoids post growth assembly process which is very

tedious.

 Multiple species can be simultaneously detected.

 Power consumption in nano watts.

 High sensitivity and high speed

 CONCLUSION
• CAPABILITY OF PRODUCING ARRAYS OF INDIVIDUALLY
ADDRESSABLE NANOWIRE SENSORS WITH CONTROLLED
DIMENSIONS, POSITIONS, ALIGNMENTS AND CHEMICAL
COMPOSITIONS

• REDUCTION IN WIDTH OF E-BEAM PATTERNED CHANNELS

• CAPABILITY OF DETECTING MULTIPLE CHEMICAL SPECIES

• POSSIBILITY OF LARGE SCALE ARRAYS