DATABASE

A collection of information organized in such a way

that a computer program can quickly select desired
pieces of data.
You can think of a database as an electronic filing
system.
For example, a telephone book is analogous to a file. It
contains a list of records, each of which consists of
three fields: name, address, and telephone number.
 Database Management Systems
( DBMS )
A collection of programs that enables you to store,
modify, and extract information from a database.
There are many different types of DBMSs, ranging
from small systems that run on personal computers
to huge systems that run on mainframes.

Possible to share data among multiple applications or

users

Makes data management more efficient and effective

 The DBMS Manages the Interaction
Between the End User and the Database
 Types of Databases
ï Single-user
± Supports only one user at a time

ï Desktop
± Single-user database running on a personal
computer

ï Multi-user
± Supports multiple users at the same time
 Types of Databases (continued)

ï orkgroup:
± Multi-user database that supports a small
group of users or a single department

ï
nterprise:
± Multi-user database that supports a large
group of users or an entire organization
 DATABASES APPROACHES
ï entralized Database
± A single logical database on network computers.

ï Distributed Database
± A single logical database that is spread physically
across computers in multiple locations that are
connected by a data communications link.
 Data Redundancy
ï Data redundancy results in data inconsistency
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ï
rrors more likely to occur when complex entries

are made in several different files and recur
frequently in one or more files
ï Data anomalies develop when required changes in
redundant data are not made successfully
 Data Anomalies
ï Modification anomalies
± Occur when changes must be made to existing
records

ï Insertion anomalies
± Occur when entering new records

ï Deletion anomalies
± Occur when deleting records
The Database System Environment

Database system is composed of 5 main parts:

1. Hardware
2. Software
ï Operating system software
ï DBMS software
ï Application programs and utility software
3. People
4. Procedures
5. Data
The Database System Environment
 DBMS Functions
Performs functions that guarantee integrity and
consistency of data
1. Data dictionary management
defines data elements and their relationships
2. Data storage management
stores data and related data entry forms, report definitions, etc.
3. Data transformation and presentation
translates logical requests into commands to physically locate
and retrieve the requested data
DBMS Functions (continued)
3. Security management
enforces user security and data privacy within database
4. Multi-user access control
creates structures that allow multiple users to access the
data
5. Backup and recovery management
provides backup and data recovery procedures
 RELATIONAL KEYS
Primary key
A column in a database table whose members consist of
unique values that can be used to identify a row in a table.

Foreign key
A value or column in one table that refers to a primary key in
another table.

omposite key
omposite key is used in database management systems as
a key which has two or more fields in the columns in the
table, or in a file.
 RELATIONAL KEYS« (cont)

andidate Key
One of a number of keys that may serve as the
primary key of an entity. Also called candidate
identifier.

Secondary Key
A candidate key that is not selected to become
the primary key. A synonym is Alternate key.
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 ENTITY RELATIONSHIP MODEL

A logical representation of the data for an organization or for

a business area
The main components of
D include:

ï
ntity
ï Attribute
ï elationship

ntity-elationship Diagram
A graphical representation of entity-relationship model
Also called
- diagram or just
D
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 Structure Query Language
(SQL)
SQL is the most popular computer language used
to create, modify, retrieve and manipulate data
from relational database management systems.
SQL Keywords
   

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 NORMALIZATION
It's the process of efficiently organizing data in a
database. There are two goals of the normalization
process: eliminate redundant data (for example,
storing the same data in more than one table) and
ensure data dependencies make sense (only storing
related data in a table). Both of these are worthy goals
as they reduce the amount of space a database
consumes and ensure that data is logically stored.
 CARDINALITY
ardinality refers to the number of
members in the set. hen specifically
applied to database theory, the cardinality
of a table refers to the number of rows (or
tuples) contained in a table.
 DATA WAREHOUSE
A data warehouse is a central repository for all or significant
parts of the data that an enterprise's various business
systems collect. The term was coined by . H. Inmon. IBM
sometimes uses the term "information warehouse."
An enterprise wide collection of data that is subject oriented,
integrated , scrubbed, involatile, easy to access and use, and
contains historical data and summarization