Professional Documents
Culture Documents
by John Loucks
Quality Control
2
Overview
Introduction
Statistical Concepts in Quality Control
Control Charts
Acceptance Plans
Computers in Quality Control
Quality Control in Services
Wrap-Up: What World-Class Companies Do
3
Introduction
4
QC Throughout Production Systems
5
Services and Their Customer Expectations
Hospital
Patient receive the correct treatments?
Patient treated courteously by all personnel?
Hospital environment support patient recovery?
Bank
Customers transactions completed with precision?
Bank comply with government regulations?
Customers statements accurate?
6
Products and Their Customer Expectations
Automaker
Auto have the intended durability?
Parts within the manufacturing tolerances?
Autos appearance pleasing?
Lumber mill
Lumber within moisture content tolerances?
Lumber properly graded?
Knotholes, splits, and other defects excessive?
7
Sampling
8
Sampling
9
Size and Frequency of Samples
10
When to Inspect
During the Production Process
Inspect before costly operations.
Inspect before operations that are likely to produce
faulty items.
Inspect before operations that cover up defects.
Inspect before assembly operations that cannot be
undone.
On automatic machines, inspect first and last pieces
of production runs, but few in-between pieces.
Inspect finished products.
11
Central Limit Theorem
12
Sampling Distributions
13
Population and Sampling Distributions
x
Sampling Distribution
f(x)
of Sample Means
Mean = =x=m
x
Std. Error = x =
n
x
14
Control Charts
16
Constructing Control Charts
17
Control Charts for Attributes
18
Control Charts for Attributes
p / - 3 p(100 p)/n
19
Example: Attribute Control Chart
20
Example: Attribute Control Chart
21
Example: Attribute Control Chart
22
Example: Attribute Control Chart
23
Example: Attribute Control Chart
0.035
0.030
0.025
0.020
0.015
0.010
0.005
0.000
0 5 10 15 20
Sample Number
24
Control Charts for Variables
25
Control Charts for Variables
26
x-Chart
=
The central line is x, the sum of a number of sample
means collected while the process was considered to
be in control divided by the number of samples.
=
The 3s lower control limit is x - AR
=
The 3s upper control limit is x + AR
Factor A is based on sample size.
27
R-Chart
28
3s Control Chart Factors for Variables
29
Example: Variable Control Chart
30
Example: Variable Control Chart
31
Example: Variable Control Chart
50.0
49.9
49.8 LCL
49.7
0 5 10 15 20
Sample Number
32
Example: Variable Control Chart
33
Example: Variable Control Chart
A B C D E F
R Chart for Meow Chow
0.80
0.70
Sample Range R
0.60
UCL
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
LCL
0.00
0 5 10 15 20
Sample Number
34
Acceptance Plans
35
Acceptance Plans
36
Single-Sampling Plan
37
Single-Sampling Plan
Lot of N Items
Random
Sample of
N - n Items n Items
c Defectives
Inspect n Items
Found in Sample
Replace
c > c c < c Defectives
n Nondefectives
Reject Lot Accept Lot
38
Double-Sampling Plan
39
Double-Sampling Plan
Lot of N Items
Random
Sample of
N n1 Items n1 Items
Replace
c1 Defectives Defectives
Inspect n1 Items
Found in Sample
n1 Nondefectives
c1 > c2 c1 < c1
Accept Lot
c1 < c1 < c2
Reject Lot
Continue (to next slide)
40
Double-Sampling Plan
N n1 Items
Random
N (n1 + n2) Sample of
Items n2 Items
Replace
c2 Defectives Defectives
Reject Lot Inspect n2 Items
Found in Sample
n2 Nondefectives
(c1 + c2) > c2
(c1 + c2) < c2
Accept Lot
41
Sequential-Sampling Plan
42
Sequential-Sampling Plan
Number of Defectives
7
6
Reject Lot
5
4
Continue Sampling
3
1 Accept Lot
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130
Units Sampled (n)
43
Definitions
44
Definitions
45
Definitions
46
Considerations in
Selecting a Sampling Plan
Operating characteristics (OC) curve
Average outgoing quality (AOQ) curve
47
Operating Characteristic (OC) Curve
48
Operating Characteristic (OC) Curve
1.00
Probability of Accepting the Lot
.90 n = 15, c = 0
.80
.70
.60 Producers Risk (a) = 3.67%
.50 Consumers Risk (b) = 8.74%
.40
AQL = 3%
.30
LTPD = 15%
.20
.10
% Defectives
in Lots
0 5 10 15 20 25
49
OC Curve (continued)
50
Average Outgoing Quality (AOQ) Curve
52
AOQ Curve
53
Computers in Quality Control
55
Quality Control in Services
56
Wrap-Up: World-Class Practice
57
Wrap-Up: World-Class Practice
58
End of Chapter 17
59