CSRK Te M1u05

CE354: Transportation Engineering
Module 1: Highway Network Planning

Different modes of transportation, role of highway
transportation, classification, network patterns
Planning surveys, preparation of plans, final report,
master plan, evaluation by saturation system
20 year road development plans, salient features,
determination of road lengths, introduction to
highway economics
CSRK Prasad
Road Development Plans
Nagpur Road Plan (First Twenty Year Road
Development Plan): 1943-63
Bombay Road Plan (Second Twenty Year Road
Lucknow Road Plan (Third Twenty Year Road
Fourth Twenty Year Road Development Plan:
Road Development Plan Vision 2021
20-12-2017 CSRK Prasad 2

Nagpur Road Plan (1943-1963)
Highway Categories
National Highways
State Highways
Major District Roads
Other District Roads, and
Village Roads
Star and Grid pattern of road network

Star and Grid Formulae
Where
A = Agricultural Area in sq.km
B = Non Agricultural Area in sq.km
N = No. of towns and villages with population range 2001 5000
T = No. of towns and villages with population over 5000
D = Development allowance of 15% of road length calculated
R = Existing length of railway track, km
A length of 1/8km of first category roads is provided per sq.km of
agricultural area (Grids of first category roads are spaced at 16kms)

Star and Grid Formulae
Where:
V = Number of villages with population < 500
Q = No. of villages with population range 501-1000
P = No. of villages with population range 1001-2000
S = No. of villages with population range 2001-5000
D = Development allowance of 15% for next 20
years
The responsibility of construction and
maintenance of NHs was assigned to the GOI
Targeted Road Length: 5,32,700 km (16km per
100 sq.km area)
2,00,000 km of surfaced roads
3,32,700 km of un-surfaced roads
Farthest points in developed & agricultural area
within 8 km of metalled road (NH or SH or MDR)
Farthest points in non-agricultural area within
32km of metalled road (NH or SH or MDR)

Highway Category Target Achievement by
Length, km 1961, km
1 NHs 33,395 22,636 (67.8%)
2 SHs 86,825 62,052 (71.5%)
3 MDRs 80,145 1,13,483 (141.6%)
Metalled Roads 2,00,365 1,98,171 (98.9%)
4 ODRs 1,33,580 1,11,961 (83.8%)
5 VRs 1,98,755 3,88,841 (195.6%)
Unclassified roads - 10,149
Total 5,32,700 7,09,122 (133.1%)
Road Density 16.0 21.3
(km/100sq.km)
Bombay Road Plan (1961-1981)
Targeted Road Length: 10,57,330 km
Rs. 5,200 crores based on 1958 price level
Road Density: 32km per 100 sq.km area
5 different formulae NHs, SHs, MDRs, ODRs &
VRs
1600km of Expressways in the proposed target of
NHs

Road Length Formulae

A = Developed & Agricultural Areas, sq.km
B = Semi developed area, sq.km
C = Undeveloped area, sq.km
K = No. of towns with population >100,000
M = No. of towns with population 50,000-100,000
N = No. of towns with population 20,000 50,000
P = No. of towns with population 10,000 20,000
Q = No. of towns with population 5,000-10,000
R = No. of towns with population 2,000-5,000
S = No. of towns with population 1,000-2,000
T = No. of towns with population 500-1,000
V = No. of towns with population <500
D = Development Allowance of 5% of road length calculated

Max. distance from any place in a developed area
would be 6.4 km from a metalled road and 2.4
km from any category of road
Max. distance from any place in a semi-
developed area would be 12.8 km from a
metalled road and 4.8 km from any category of
road
Max. distance from any place in an undeveloped
area would be 19.2 km from a metalled road and
8.0 km from any category of road
Every town with population above 2000 in plains
and above 1000 in semi-hill areas and above 500
in hilly areas should be connected by a metalled
road
Hilly Regions: An allowance up to 100% may be
made in arriving at the road lengths
Hills with altitude above 2300m may be ignored
in calculating road length in view of thin
population
Length of railway track is considered independent
of the road system
Nagpur Plan Vs. Bombay Plan
Nagpur Plan Bombay Plan
Two road length formulae Five different road length formulae
Area is divided into two parts (Agricultural Area is divided into three parts
area & Non-agricultural area) (Developed & agricultural area, semi-
developed area and undeveloped area)
Targeted Road Density: 16km/100sq.km Targeted Road Density: 32km/100sq.km
Towns with large population are not Towns with large population are
considered (5 categories). Towns with considered (9 categories)
population above 5000 are grouped
Length of Railway track is considered part Length of railway track is considered
of first category road network independent of the road system
15% development allowance 5% development allowance
No Expressways Introduced Expressways

Highway Category Target Length, Achievement by
km 1981, km
1 NHs 51,500 31,737 (61.6%)
2 SHs 1,12,650 95,491 (84.8%)
3 MDRs 2,41,400 1,53,000 (63.4%)
Major Roads 4,05,550 2,80,228 (69.1%)
4 ODRs 2,89,680 -
5 VRs 3,62,100 -
Minor Roads 6,51,780 9,12,684 (140.0%
Unclassified roads - 3,09,785
Total 10,57,330 15,02,697 (142.1%)
(km/100 sq.km)
Lucknow Road Plan (1981-2001)
Highway Classification
Primary Road System
Expressways
National Highways
Secondary Road System
State Highways
Major District Roads
Tertiary Road System or Rural Roads
Other District Roads
Village Roads

Targeted road density: 82km / 100 sq.km
Targeted road length: 27,00,000 km
Expressways should be constructed along major
traffic corridors
The NHs network should be expanded to form
square grids of 100 km side so that no part of the
country is more than 50km away from a NH
The lengths of SHs and MDRs required in a state
should be decided based on both areas and
number of towns with population above 5000

All the towns and villages with population
over 1500 should be connected by MDRs
All the towns and villages with population
1000 to 1500 should be connected by ODRs
All the villages with population over 500
should be connected by all weather roads
There should be a road within a distance of
3km in plains and 5km in hilly terrain
connecting all villages or group of villages with
population less than 500

Roads should also be built in less
industrialized areas to attract the growth of
industries
Long term master plans for road development
should be prepared at various levels, i.e. taluk,
district, state and national levels
The existing roads should be improved
There should be improvements in
environmental quality and road safety

Primary Road System
Expressways: 2000kms
NHs: should form 100km square grids 1 km per 50
sq. km area: 65,756 km 66,000 km
The roads consisting of NH & SH should pass through
every town or urban area (3364)
Length of SH, km = 1,45,000 km
Length of SH required for any state
Area of the state, sq.km / 25
62.5xNo. of towns - Area of the state / 50

Length of MDR = 3,00,000 km
Length of MDR in a state
Area of the state, sq.km / 12.5
90 x no. of towns in the state
Tertiary Road System (Rural Roads)
ODR+VR = 21,89,000km

Highway Category Target Length, Achievement by
km 2000, km
1 NHs 66,000 57,700 (87.4%)
2 SHs 1,45,000 1,24,300 (85.7%)
NH+SH 2,11,000 1,82,000 (86.3%)
3 MDRs 3,00,000
4 ODRs 21,89,000
5 VRs
MDR+ODR+VR 24,89,000 29,94,000 (120.3%)
Total 27,00,000 31,76,000 (117.3%)
(km/100 sq.km)

Targets of Road Development Plan
Name of the Basis of fixation Assessed Target for over
Plan of targets Targets all road density
km
Nagpur Plan Length of ODRs + 332,335 km 32 km per 100
VRs is assessed
(1943-61) based on number of
sq. km
villages with
population 500 and
less, 501-1000,
1001-2000 and
2001-5000.
Bombay Plan The length is based 651,780 km 46 km per 100
on the number of
(1961-81) villages with
sq. km
population less than
500, 500-1000,
1000-2000 and
2000-5000
Lucknow Plan The length is 2,189,000 km 82 km per 100
assessed based on
(1981-01) number of villages
sq km
and towns.
20 December 2017 CSRK Prasad, NITW 22
Deficiencies
More than 40% of villages are yet to be
provided with all-weather roads
Out of a total of 182,000km of main roads
(NH+SH) only 1% is four lane and 34% is two
lane. 65% of these roads is single lane
Commercial vehicles are able to do only 250-
300km a day as compared to 500-600km in
developed countries

The transport demand for both freight and
passenger will witness an increase of over five
times by the year 2021.
Expressways 10,000km
NHs
Target Length 80,000km
Min of 2 lane CW with hard shoulders
Half the network should have 4/6 lanes
Construction of bypasses, railway over bridges

SHs Targeted Length 160,000km
MDRs Targeted Length 320,000km
10,000km of SHs 4 laning
All SHs and 40% of MDRs should have a
minimum of 2 lane CW
The concept of performance indicators and
levels of quality for maintenance standards are
being stipulated in terms of comfort,
convenience and safety to road users.
Gang labor system should be replaced
gradually with mobile maintenance units and
repair operations should be mechanised.
Construction Technology:
Stabilised soil sub-bases and bases
Fly ash for embankment
Reinforced earth walls
Geotextiles, geogrids, etc.
Continuously reinforced concrete pavements
Machinery oriented road maintenance

Road Development Plan Vision 2021:
Thrust Areas for Research
Evolving methodology for pavement design
Refining methodology for evaluation of
Pavement performance
Enhancing the use of waste materials and new
additives to improve performance
Highway cost allocation study
Guidelines for provision of interchanges on
intercity roads and in urban areas
NATIONAL ROAD TRANSPORT POLICY
Overloading: the Vehicle Damage Factor (VDF) on
most of the National Highways is in the range of
10 to 12 for Northern India and 7 to 8 for the
Southern part of the country. These values are
more than the VDF of 4.5.
Overloading adversely affects the pavement life,
accelerates deterioration of pavement structure
and also results in safety hazards.
In order to contain the overloading prevailing VDF
levels need to be brought down from 7 to 12 to
4.5 by the end of 11th FY Plan.

NATIONAL HIGHWAY DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS
Countrys most ambitious Highways

Development Project
Highways with International Standard and
facilities for uninterrupted traffic flow
Divided carriageways & Service roads
Grade separators, over bridges & underpasses
Bypasses
Wayside amenities
Enhanced safety features
NHDP
(Rs.2,20,000 crore upto 2012)
NHDP I: Four-laning of the Golden Quadrilateral (5,952
km)
NHDP II: Four-laning of NS-EW Corridors (7,300km)
NHDP III: Four-laning of 10,000 km of high density
National Highways, through BOT mode
NHDP IV: Up gradation of 20,000 km of NHs into two-lanes
NHDP V: Six-laning of 6,500 km of the Golden
Quadrilateral and selected National Highways
NHDP VI: Development of 1000 km of Expressways
NHDP VII: Other Highway Projects - development of ring
roads, bypasses, grade separators and service roads
Status at the beginning of 12FYP
India has the second largest road network in
the world totaling 4.2 million kms but most of
it is of poor quality. (An approach to 12th FYP,
Planning Commission)
NHs 71,772km 1.7% length - 40% traffic
24% length 4 lane & above; 52% length 2 lane;
24% length single lane and Intermediate lane

WG on Road Transport - 12th FYP
Road transport has emerged as the dominant
segment in Indias transportation sector with a
share of 4.7% in Indias GDP in comparison to
railways that has a mere 1% share in 2009-10.

An Approach to 12th FYP
Setting up of National Expressway Authority: A master
plan for 18,637 kilometres of Expressways, with new
alignments for both passenger and freight movements
in high traffic density corridors based on access control
toll needs to be taken up. These roads will be either
four or six lane.
The singlelane NHs (20,000km) would have to be
upgraded and augmented to two-lane standards.
Universalisation of rural connectivity be completed
during the next Plan (habitations with population up to
100 would need to be connected).


ITS
Road Accident Data Management System (RADMS)
Weigh-in-motion (along with Automatic Vehicles
Identification)
Introduce electronic toll collection (ETC) system
Intermodal integration
Scientific assessment of passenger and goods travel
demand
More Expressways be planned rather than upgrading
existing 4- lane highways.

WG on Central Roads Sector 12FYP, MORTH
NHs Target 85,000km
The ongoing phases of NHDP-I, II, III and V
involving upgradation to 4 or more lanes of
about 32,750 km (including overlapping
length of about 5,850 km under GQ and
NHDP-V), are required to be completed in a
time bound manner within 12th Five Year
Plan.
Fund required Rs. 3,23,774 crore

WG on Central Roads Sector 12FYP, MORTH
Expressways (other than under NHDP VI)
500km
Non-NHDP NHs
Two laning: 9,220km
Four laning / Six laning: Existing 2-lane NHs are to
be developed to 4-lane divided carriageway
facilities or more as per necessity

NHAI RIS Modules
Locational Referencing System (LRS)
Asset Management System (AMS)
Pavement Management System (PMS)
Environmental Management System (EMS)
Traffic Management System (TMS)
Accident Management System (ACMS)
Bridge Management System (BMS)
Toll Management System (TOMS)
Document Management System (DMS)
Performance Monitoring System (PMTS)

MoRT&H: National Expressway Network
Recommended ITS Technologies:
Sensors & Live Cameras; Cellular Phones
Variable Message Signs (VMS)
Highway Advisory Radio
Weather Monitoring
On board or off board navigation devices
Automated Accident Prevention Mechanism

ETC Technology for NHs
(Nandan Nilekani Committee)
Reviewed various ETC Technologies: Dedicated
Short Range Communications; RFID,
Communication Air-Interface, Long and
Medium Range; GPS based GNSS / Cellular
Network; Automatic Number Plate Recording
Passive RFID Technology for automatic

Vehicle Identification was recommended
with a prepaid system for toll collection
12/20/2017 CSRK Prasad NIT Warangal
Status of Rural Roads in India
India has a Rural Road Network of about 2.70 Million km with
Rs.35,000 Crore investment (Rs. 1,80,000 Crore of replacement
value).
Constitutes over 80% of Total Road Network.
More than 10, 00,000 Km are tracks and roads not meeting
Technical Standard.
Rural Roads Sector suffered from lack of systematic Planning,
Quality and Sustained Maintenance.
It was a Myth that Rural Roads do not require Planning/ Design/
Quality Assurance.
About 45% of the Habitations still to have All-Weather Road
connectivity at the beginning of PMGSY Programme (Dec 2000)
Decisions on construction were adhoc and not need based.
Multiple agencies involved in the development of Rural Roads.
Technical standards and quality assurance was lacking.
Concentrated more on employment generation.
Connectivity Assessment by NRRDC
Population Total Connected as on Unconnected*
Range
31.3.95 31.3.96 31.3.2000*
1000 and 129652 109739 111003 115800 13852

above
Below 1000 459465 173837 175637* 182837 276628
Total 589117 233576 286640* 298637 290480

Correlation between Poverty and Rural Connectivity.
An investment of Rs 10 million in roads lifts 1650
poor persons above the poverty line.
RURAL ROADS
Other District Roads and Villages roads
Only 50 percent of habitations are provided
with all-weather roads

Major Recommendations of NRRDC
Provision of connectivity to all habitations of 500 and
above by All Weather Roads.
Clear definition for All Weather Roads.
Provision of thin bituminous surface to the rural
roads.
Keeping the minimum width of rural roads to the
3.75m, formation width to 7.50m and land width to
12m to facilitate speedy and safe travel.
Construction of CD Works as an integral part of the
Rural Roads.
Provision of need based crust in different
topographical sub- soil and rainfall conditions.
Major Recommendations of NRRDC
(Cont..)
Treating drainage as an important aspect for
durability of rural roads.
Plantation of trees along the edge of the roads
constructed.
Giving special treatment to terminal points
Adopting cost saving technologies, where
feasible.
Upgradation of the existing roads, where
necessary.
PMGSY: Aims to provide all-weather road
1. To link all villages with more than 1000
population by 2003 and those with over 500
population by 2007.
2. Separate fund has been created by allocating
50 % of cess on diesel (Dedicated Fund)
3. 100% centrally funded scheme
4. 1.79 lakh unconnected habitations
375,000km of length
5. 372,000km of length for upgradation

PMGSY Programme Targets
Activity Total Eligible Programme

Targets
Habitations for New Connectivity 1,66,938

(Nos.)
Length of New Connectivity Roads 3,65,278
(km.)
Length of Upgradation Roads 3,68,000

(km.)
Estimated Cost Rs. Cr. 1,33,000 (USD 28.3b)
(2003-04 Prices)
Connectivity Status under PMGSY
As on March, 2006
Population No. of No. of No. of

Category eligible habitations habitations
habitations covered by connected
projects
approved
1000 and 59855 28361 16081
above
500 and 81466 21942 8602
above
250 and 31451 6335 2620
above
Total 172772 56638 27303
Overall Targets for the 11th FYP (2007-2012)
No. of Habitations
to be connected : 78304
Length for New Connectivity : 165,244 km
Length of Upgradation
(funded under PMGSY) : 115,478 km
Length for Renewal

(to be borne by the States) : 76,986 km
Funding required for 11th FYP.
For New Connectivity
165,244 km at 30 Lakhs / km. - Rs. 49,573 Cr.
For Upgradation
115,478 km at 25 lakhs / km - Rs. 28,869 Cr.
Total for Construction - Rs. 78,442 Cr.
The total cost of New Construction and Upgradation of the roads funded under
PMGSY is Rs. 119,830 Cr.
Cost of Maintenance @ Rs. 1 Lakh/km/

Year with routine maintenance and
6 year renewal cycle for PMGSY roads. - Rs. 5,374 Cr.
Expected Average Maintenance cost/year for the

Total Rural Roads in the Core Network - Rs. 14,000 Cr.
Balance of work for the 12th FYP (2012-2017)
No. of Habitations
to be connected : 51,999
Length for New Connectivity : 104,601km
Length of Upgradation
(funded under PMGSY) : 57,957 km
Length for Renewal

(to be borne by the States) : 38,638 km
Rural Road Development Plan: Vision 2025
New Connectivity has been recommended for
Habitations with population above 1000 by the year
2009-10
2014-15
2021-22
Black-topping of rural roads may be restricted to
ODRs and VRs that link villages with population
above 1000. Gravel roads may be provided for all
other cases

Total Rural Connectivity Needs
PMGSY Balance Requirements Total
(Beyond PMGSY)
Length Cost Length Cost Length Cost
(Km) (Rs. Million) (Km) (Rs. Million) (Km) (Rs. Million)
New 242,017 565,044 310,000 552,000 552,017 1117,044

Construction
Upgrading 307,435 425,592 700,000 750,000 1007,435 1175,592
Total 549,452 990,636 1010,000 1302,000 1559,452 2292,636

Combined Phasing of Investments
(Rs million)
PMGSY Beyond PMGSY Total of new construction +
upgrading
Average
Period NC UPG NC UPG PMGSY Beyond Total investments
PMGSY per year
2006-07 4,800 3,000 - - 7,800 - 7,800 -
2007-12 240,000 70,000 50,000 15,000 310,00 65,000 375,000 75,000
2012-17 320,244 140,000 102,000 37,500 460,244 139,500 599,744 120,000
2017-22 - 212,592 400,000 150,000 212,592 550,000 762,592 152,000
2022-25 - - - 547,500 - 547,500 547,500 182,000
Total 565,044 425,592 552,000 750,000 990,636 1302,000 2292,636

Rural Road Development Plan: Vision 2025
R&D Thrust Areas
Critical appraisal of design and construction practices
for low volume roads
Review of existing geometric design standards
Developing stabilisation techniques for improving
performance of locally available softer materials
Evolving suitable and economical performance-
Based pavement designs for LVR
Encouraging the use of cold mix technology and
emulsions

References
S.K. Khanna, C.E.G. Justo and A. Veeraraghavan, 2013. Highway
Engineering, Nem Chand & Brothers, Roorkee

Contact:
csrk@nitw.ac.in
csrk_prasad@yahoo.com
0870-2462117 (O)
9440347348

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CE354: Transportation Engineering

Module 1: Highway Network Planning

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Countrys most ambitious Highways

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Passive RFID Technology for automatic

1000 and 129652 109739 111003 115800 13852

Below 1000 459465 173837 175637* 182837 276628

Total 589117 233576 286640* 298637 290480

20 December 2017 CSRK Prasad, NITW 46

20 December 2017 CSRK Prasad, NITW 49

Activity Total Eligible Programme

Habitations for New Connectivity 1,66,938

Length of Upgradation Roads 3,68,000

Population No. of No. of No. of

Length for New Connectivity : 165,244 km

Length for Renewal

165,244 km at 30 Lakhs / km. - Rs. 49,573 Cr.

115,478 km at 25 lakhs / km - Rs. 28,869 Cr.

Total for Construction - Rs. 78,442 Cr.

Cost of Maintenance @ Rs. 1 Lakh/km/

Expected Average Maintenance cost/year for the

Length for New Connectivity : 104,601km

Length for Renewal

20 December 2017 CSRK Prasad, NITW 55

New 242,017 565,044 310,000 552,000 552,017 1117,044

Upgrading 307,435 425,592 700,000 750,000 1007,435 1175,592

Total 549,452 990,636 1010,000 1302,000 1559,452 2292,636

20 December 2017 CSRK Prasad, NITW 56

2007-12 240,000 70,000 50,000 15,000 310,00 65,000 375,000 75,000

2012-17 320,244 140,000 102,000 37,500 460,244 139,500 599,744 120,000

2017-22 - 212,592 400,000 150,000 212,592 550,000 762,592 152,000

2022-25 - - - 547,500 - 547,500 547,500 182,000

Total 565,044 425,592 552,000 750,000 990,636 1302,000 2292,636

20 December 2017 CSRK Prasad, NITW 57

20 December 2017 CSRK Prasad, NITW 58