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Kuliah 12 Analisis Deskriptif Dan Inferensi
Kuliah 12 Analisis Deskriptif Dan Inferensi
Statistik keperihalan
atau deskriptif
Statistik Inferensi atau
pentakbiran
Perbezaan Statistik Deskriptif dan Inferensi
Min
Penengah
Mod
A Comparison of the Mean, Median, and Mode
The mean, median, and mode are affected by what is called skewness (i.e., lack of
symmetry) in the data.
If you said Set B is more spread out, then you are right! The
numbers in set B are more "spread out"; that is, they are
more variability. All of the measures of variability should give
us an indication of the amount of variability in a set of data.
We will discuss three indices of variability: the range, the
variance, and the standard deviation.
Range (Sela/Julat)
Kes 12 18 50.00
tumbuk
Mengugut 3 5 66.67
Inferential Statistics
Ralat Jenis l
Menolak hipotesis nol bila ia harus diterima.
Ralat ini timbul apabila penyelidik menolak hipotesis nol
yang benar. Penyelidik membuat keputusan bahawa
terdapat perbezaan yang signifikan apabila ianya sebenar
tidak ada.
Ralat Jenis ll
Tidak menolak hipotesis nol bila ia sebenarnya harus
ditolak.
Ralat ini timbul apabila penyelidik membuat keputusan
bahawa tiada perbezaan, sedangkan wujud perbezaan.
Menentukan paras signifikan () untuk membuat
keputusan menerima atau menolak Ho dan sejauh
mana kesanggupan penyelidikan menerima risiko
rentetan RJ I & RJ II.
Aturan Keputusan.
Menentukan kawasan penolakan iaitu nilai
statistik bertentangan dengan nilai Ho yang
mengakibatkan Ho ditolak.
Kawasan penolakan bergantung kepada aras
signifikan.
More explanation..
• When the null hypothesis is true you can make the correct
decision (i.e., fail to reject the null) or you can make the
incorrect decision (rejecting the true null). The incorrect
decision is called a Type I error or a "false positive"
because you have erroneously concluded that there is an
effect or relationship in the population.
• When the null hypothesis is false you can also make the
correct decision (i.e., rejecting the false null) or you can
make the incorrect decision (failure to reject the false null).
The incorrect decision is called a Type II error or a "false
negative" because you have erroneously concluded that
there is no effect or relationship in the population.
Membandingkan frekuensi
Dua persoalan
1. Apakah persamaan yang mewakili
perhubungan antara pemboleh ubah-pemboleh
ubah?
2. Apakah kekuatan perhubungan antara
pemboleh ubah-pemboleh ubah tersebut?
Ujian Korelasi
X
Ujian Korelasi
X
Ujian Korelasi
Contoh:
Seorang penyelidik ingin mengetahui perhubungan
antara IQ dengan prestasi ujian Matematik. Skor IQ dan
prestasi ujian Matematik bagi 10 orang pelajar
dikumpulkan dan disenaraikan.
Berdasarkan pengiraan, nilai korelasi ialah 0.72. Nilai
varians ialah 0.517. Ini bererti bahawa korelasi antara IQ
dan prestasi ujian Matematik adalah kuat. 51.7%
prestasi ujian matematik disebabkan oleh IQ sementara
48.3% lagi disebabkan oleh faktor lain.
link
Kekuatan nilai pekali korelasi
A line graph uses one or more lines to depict information about one or more
variables.
• A simple line graph might be used to show a trend over time
Scatterplots
A scatterplot is used to depict the relationship between two quantitative
variables. • Typically, the independent or predictor variable is represented
by the X axis (i.e., on the horizontal axis) and the dependent variable is
represented by the Y axis (i.e., on the vertical axis).