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Spinal Cord Injuri: Lydia A Kainama 2017-84-039 Pembimbing: Dr. Wijaya Johanes Chendra, Sp. OT
Spinal Cord Injuri: Lydia A Kainama 2017-84-039 Pembimbing: Dr. Wijaya Johanes Chendra, Sp. OT
Lydia A Kainama
2017-84-039
Pembimbing:
dr. Wijaya Johanes Chendra, Sp. OT
Kepanitraan Klinik
Bagian Ilmu Penyakit Bedah
Fakultas Kedokteran
Universitas Pattimura
Ambon
2018
Pendahuluan
SCI ??
Insidensi ?
NSCISC 2015
5% ?
di AS 12.500 kasus tiap tahun
25%?
55%?
Remaja & Dewasa Muda 15%
Laki-laki > Wanita
Etiologi : KLL, Jatuh dan Kecelakaan (Olahraga) 15%?
Kecelakaan kerja dan Trauma tembak
National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center . 2015. Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) Facts and Figures at a Glance 2015
Anatomi
•Liverman, Catharyn, T., Altevogt, Bruce, M., Joy, Janet, E., and Johnson, Richard, T. Editors. 2005. Spinal Cord Injury: Progress, Promise, and Priorities.
Washington, D.C.:The National Academies Press. [serial online]. http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11253&page=R1.
Con’t
Baron BJ, McSherry KJ, Larson, Jr. JL, Scalea TM. Chapter 255.Spine and Spinal Cord Trauma. In: Tintinalli JE, Stapczynski JS, Cline DM, Ma OJ, Cydulka RK, Meckler GD,
eds. Tintinalli’s Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide. 7th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2011. http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=6389092.
Con’t
Kriteria Denis
Solomon, Louis., Warwick, David., Nayagam, Selvadurai. 2010. Apley’s System of Orthopaedics and Fractures 9th edition. London.
Replika Press: pp 806-812.
Medula Spinalis
Snell RS. Chapter 4. The Spinal Cord and theAscending and Descending Tracts. In: Snell RS. Clinical Neuroanatomy. 7th Edition. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia. 2010. p. 133-84
Vaskularisasi
Gruener G, Biller J. Spinal Cord Anatomy, Localization, and Overview of Spinal Cord Syndromes. Continuum: Lifelong Learning Neurol 2008;14(3):11 dan Waxman SG. Chapter 6. The Vertebral
Column and Other Structures Surrounding the Spinal Cord. In: Waxman SG, ed. Clinical Neuroanatomy. 26th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2010.
Mekanisme SCI
Mekanisme Cedera :
Cervikal(level C5-C6) (Hiperekstensi & Hiperflexi)
Thoracolumbar junction (kompresi) Jatuh dengan Kaki
Lumbalis Jatuh terduduk
Derwenskus J, Zaidat OO. Chapter 23.Spinal Cord Injury and Related Diseases. In: Suarez JI. Critical Care Neurology and Neurosurgery. New Jersey.
Humana Press. 2004. p.417-32
Con’t
Cedera Hiperflexi
Cedera Hiperekstensi
Gambar dikutip dari: Freidberg SR, Magge SN. Chapter 60. Trauma to the Spine and Spinal Cord. In: Jones HR, Srinivasan J, Allam GJ, Baker RA. Netter’s Neurology. 2nd edition.
Elsevier, Saunders. 2012. p.562-71 dan Sheerin F. Spinal Cord Injury: Causation and Pathophysiology. Emerg Nurse 2005; 12(9):29-38
Con’t
Cedera Kompresi
Gambar dikutip dari: Freidberg SR, Magge SN. Chapter 60. Trauma to the Spine and Spinal Cord. In: Jones HR, Srinivasan J, Allam GJ, Baker RA. Netter’s Neurology. 2nd edition.
Elsevier, Saunders. 2012. p.562-71 dan Sheerin F. Spinal Cord Injury: Causation and Pathophysiology. Emerg Nurse 2005; 12(9):29-38
cont’
Dumont et al. Acute Spinal Cord Injury, Part I: PathophysiologicMechanisms. Clinical Neuropharmacol 2001;24(5):254-64
Klasifikasi SCI
DEFISIT SINDROM
LEVEL MORFOLOGI
NEUROLGI MEDULA SPINALIS
American College of Surgeons, 2008 Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS), United States of America, Diterjemahkan oleh IKBI
Level
Lever Neurologis Level paling caudal dari MS (motoris dan sensoris normal)
Level sensoris
Level motorik
Kuardiplegia
Paraplegia
American College of Surgeons, 2008 Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS), United States of America, Diterjemahkan oleh IKBI
Dr. Tjoko G.B. Mahadewa, M.kes SpBS, Dr. dr. Sri Maliawan,SpBs Diagnosis & Tatalaksana KGD Tulang belakang Jakarta. EGC; 2009
Defisit Neurologi
American College of Surgeons, 2008 Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS), United States of America, Diterjemahkan oleh IKBI
Sindrom Medula Spinalis
Gambar dikutip dari: Kaye AH. Chapter 16.Spinal Injuries. In: Kaye AH.Essential Neurosurgery.3rd Edition. Victoria, Blackwell Publishing. 2005. 225-33
Sindrom Spinalis
Thuret, Sandrine; Moon, Lawrence D.F; Gage, Fred H. (2006). Therapeutic Intervention After Spinal Cord Injury. Nature Publishing Group , 7, 628-640.
Solomon, Louis., Warwick, David., Nayagam, Selvadurai. 2010. Apley’s System of Orthopaedics and Fractures 9th edition. London. Replika Press: pp 806-812.
Morfologi
Fraktur
SCIWORA
Imobilisasi
Luka Tembus
American College of Surgeons, 2008 Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS), United States of America, Diterjemahkan oleh IKBI
Evaluasi Pasien dengan SCI
Pre hospital care
EMT : - Penanganan awal
- Transport, Imobilisasi( collar Brace
Diagnosa
Histori
Pemeriksaan Fisik
Klasifikasi Neurologi
Solomon, Louis., Warwick, David., Nayagam, Selvadurai. 2010. Apley’s System of Orthopaedics and Fractures 9th edition. London.
Replika Press: pp 806-812.
American College of Surgeons, 2008 Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS), United States of America, Diterjemahkan oleh IKBI
Cont’
Pemeriksaan Fisik :
Leher
Punggung :
Logroll Look, feel, move
- Look : ada jejas, deformitas, trauma tembus, hematoma ?
- Feel : Perabaan dari keseluruhan tulang belakang (nyeri?)
- Movement : flexi, ekstensi, rotasi sesuai miotom (bandingkan)
Pemeriksaan General (Syok)
Pemeriksan Neurologis
Solomon, Louis., Warwick, David., Nayagam, Selvadurai. 2010. Apley’s System of Orthopaedics and Fractures 9th edition. London.
Replika Press: pp 806-812.
American College of Surgeons, 2008 Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS), United States of America, Diterjemahkan oleh IKBI
Con’t
- Pemeriksaan Neurologi : Dermatom, Miotom
Evaluasi Motorik (ROM)
Refleks Fisiologi & Patologis
Traktus Medula Spinalis
Sacral Sparing
Refleks bulbocavernosa
Mayer Pr Jr. Sulivan DE. Injuries to the spine. Emerg Med Clin Am. 1984 May;2(2):313-29
Solomon, Louis., Warwick, David., Nayagam, Selvadurai. 2010. Apley’s System of Orthopaedics and Fractures 9th edition. London. Replika Press: pp 806-812.
Lesi SCI
DERMATOM
MIOTOM
Dr. Tjoko G.B. Mahadewa, M.kes SpBS, Dr. dr. Sri Maliawan,SpBs Diagnosis & Tatalaksana KGD Tulang belakang Jakarta. EGC; 2009
Refleks Fisiologis & Patologis
Traktur Medula Spinalis
Traktus kortikospinalis (posterolateral cord, ipsilateral motor power).
Traktus spinotalamikus (anterolateral cord, contralateral pain dan suhu).
Kolumna posterior (ipsilateral propriosepsi
Thuret, Sandrine; Moon, Lawrence D.F; Gage, Fred H. (2006). Therapeutic Intervention After Spinal Cord Injury. Nature Publishing Group , 7,
628-640.
Sacral Sparing
Sacral sparing harus dilakukan pemeriksaan dengan melihat flexi kaki, aktif
anal squeeze dan intact perianal sensation untuk melihat lesi sebagian atau
komplit.
Manifestasi Klinis
Antara C6 dan C7
Antara C5 dan C6
Paralisis kaki, pergelangan,
Antara C1 sampai C5 Paralisis tangan, pergelangan;
dan tangan, tapi pergerakan
Respiratori paralisis dan abduksi bahu dan fleksi siku
bahu dan fleksi siku masih bisa
kuadriplegi, lemah;kehilangan refleks
dilakukan; kehilangan refleks
brachioradiali
bisep
C8 sampai T1
Antara T11 dan T12
Antara C7 dan C8 Horner's syndrome (ptosis,
Paralisis otot-otot kaki di atas
Paralisis ext. Superior Inferior miotic pupils, facial
dan bawah lutut
anhidrosis)
Cauda equine
S3- S5
T12 sampai L1 Hiporeflex atau paresis Bila terjadi trauma spinal total
Paralisis segmen bawah lutut extremitas bawah, kehilangan (total paralysis)
control bowel dan bladde
Dr. Tjoko G.B. Mahadewa, M.kes SpBS, Dr. dr. Sri Maliawan,SpBs Diagnosis & Tatalaksana KGD Tulang belakang Jakarta.
EGC; 2009
Con’t
Radiografi
- Lateral cervical, chest, lateral thoracic, A/P dan lateral
Lumbal dan A/P Pelvis
- Ct scan Trauma di tulang
- MRI Lihat medula spinalis, discus intervetebralis,
struktur ligament
Thuret, Sandrine; Moon, Lawrence D.F; Gage, Fred H. (2006). Therapeutic Intervention After Spinal Cord Injury. Nature Publishing Group
, 7, 628-640
Cervical Lateral
Ct scan
CT-scan 3D
Fraktur kompresi pada Torakal 12
disertai subluksasi yang
menyebabkan penekanan sebesar
50% pada kanalis spinalis
MRI
Thuret, Sandrine; Moon, Lawrence D.F; Gage, Fred H. (2006). Therapeutic Intervention After Spinal Cord Injury. Nature Publishing Group , 7, 628-640
American College of Surgeons, 2008 Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS), United States of America, Diterjemahkan oleh IKBI
OPERASI
Operasi Dekompresi medula spinalis atau radiks dorsalis pada pasien dengan
defisit neurologis inkomplit
Stabilisasi cedera yang tidak stabil untuk yang hanya dilakukan
eksternal mobilisasi
Cedera yg tdk STABIL spinal fusion menggunakan metal plates, rods, dan screws
dikombinasikan dengan bone fusion
Operasi Dumont, Randall J; Okonkwo, David O; Verma, Subodh ; Hurlbert, C John ; Boulos, Paul T; Dumont, Aaron S;. (2001).
Acute Spinal Cord Injury, Part I: Pathophysiologic Mechanisms. Clinical Neuropharmacology , 24 (5), 254-264.
Non Operatif
Skeletal traction
(Cervical injury)
Postural reduction
(Torakolumbal injuri)
Komplikasi
Thuret, Sandrine; Moon, Lawrence D.F; Gage, Fred H. (2006). Therapeutic Intervention After Spinal Cord Injury. Nature Publishing Group , 7, 628-
640.
National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center . 2015. Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) Facts and Figures at a Glance 2015
ASIA Score
Dr. Tjoko G.B. Mahadewa, M.kes SpBS, Dr. dr. Sri Maliawan,SpBs Diagnosis & Tatalaksana KGD Tulang belakang
Jakarta. EGC; 2009