AARIF MANZOOR

CE-10-02
 INTRODUCTION.
 PRINCIPLE FACTORS INFLUENCING DAMAGE
DUE TO EARTHQUAKES.
 FAILURES IN HERITAGE BUILDINGS.
 CAUSES OF FAILURE OF HERITAGE BUILDINGS.
 REPAIR, RESTORATION AND STRENGTHENING
OF BUILDINGS.
 CONCLUSION.
 Earthquakes are natural phenomenon
associated with violent shaking of the ground
causing damage to or collapse of buildings
and other man-made structures.
 Cultural heritage is the legacy of cultural
property and intangible attributes of a group
or society that are inherited from past
generations, maintained in the present and
bestowed for the benefit of future
generations.
 Cultural heritage includes tangible culture
such as buildings, monuments, etc.
 The deliberate act of keeping cultural
heritage from the present for the future is
known as Preservation or Conservation .
 Buildings that survive from the past are fossils of
civilization. For certain early cultures that left
no written records or whose records have not
been well preserved and accessible, monuments
and heritage buildings remain the principle
source of information.
 Repair, restoration and strengthening of
buildings affected by earthquakes sometimes
becomes necessary due to historical, artistic,
social and economical reasons.
MYSORE PALACE RED FORT

TAJ MAHAL DARGHAH HAZRATBAL

 Depth of the earthquake
 Duration of the earthquake
 Proximity of the building to the epicenter
 Geological and soil conditions
 Building construction details
 Existing building condition.
 SHEAR FAILURE
 MASONARY BOND FAILURE
 FLEXURAL FAILURE
 TORSIONAL FAILURE
 MORTAR FAILURE
 Thetensile strength of stones and bricks is
low and the wall will fail due to shear
without additional horizontal reinforcement.
 The horizontal and x-shaped cracks in
central wall portion; diagonal cracks around
jambs and lintels of openings; vertical cracks
near corners and separation of wall corners.
SHEAR FAILURE
 The bond of the masonary is a another
specific factor to the strength of the masonry
and is determined by the composition of the
wall and the mortar used.
 The bulging walls, large gaps in walls or
partial collapsed walls are results of
masonary bond failure. Thus a strong
masonry bond is required to prevent partial
collapse
MASONARY BOND FAILURE
 Itis caused by in-plane lateral loads and is
characterised by horizontal cracking in the
mortar bed joints on the tension side of the
wall.
 Tension cracks occur vertically at the centre
, ends or corners of the walls .
 Longer the wall and longer the openings ,
more prominent is the damage .
 The damage in unsymmetrical buildings
occurs due to torsion in an earthquake .
 This mode of failure causes excessive
cracking due to shear in all walls .
 Larger damage occurs near the corner of the
building.
 The strengthening of the mortar is an
essential factor regarding the stability of the
masonry.
 Since tensile and shear strength are
important for seismic resistance of masonary
walls , use of mud or very lean mortars will
be unsuitable.
 Heavy weight buildings, attracting large
seismic inertial forces.
 Very low tensile strength, particularly with
poor mortars.
 Low shear strength, particularly with poor
mortars.
 Weak connection between wall and wall.
 Weak connection between roof and wall.
 Stress concentration at corners of windows
and doors.
 Overall unsymmetry in plan and elevation of
building.
 Unsymmetry due to imbalance in the sizes
and positions of openings in the walls.
 Buildings not properly maintained.
 Brittle behaviour in tension as well as
compression
 Defects in construction such as use of
substandard materials, unfilled joints
between bricks , improper bonding
between walls at right angles, etc.
 The possibility of substituting old heritage
buildings with new earthquake resistant
buildings is sometimes generally neglected
due to historical, artistic, social and
economical reasons.
 Under such circumstances the above
mentioned operations are very useful.
The underlying concepts in three
operations are stated below:
 The main purpose of repairs is to bring back
the architectural shape of the building so
that all services start working and the
functioning of building is resumed quickly.
The actions will include the following:
 Patching up of defects such as cracks and
fall of plaster.
 Repairing doors, windows and replacement of
glass panes.
 Redecoration- whitewashing, painting, etc.
 It is restitution of the strength the building
had before the damage occurred.
Some of the approaches are stated below:
 Rebuilding of cracked masonry walls with
richer mortar.
 Addition of reinforcing mesh on both faces of
the cracked wall and then covering it
suitably.
 Injecting epoxy like material, which is
strong in tension, into the cracks in walls,
columns, beams, etc.
 Strengthening is an improvement over the
original strength when the evaluation of the
building indicates that the strength available
before the damage was insufficient and
restoration alone will not be adequate in
future quakes.
Commonly, strengthening procedures
should aim at one or more of the following
objectives:
 Increasing the lateral strength in one or both
directions.
 Giving unity to the structure.
 Eliminating features that are sources of
weakness or that produce concentration of
stresses in some members.
 Avoiding the possibility of brittle modes of
failure by proper reinforcement and
connection of resisting members.
 Earthquakes are the predominant cause of
structural damage or collapse of heritage
buildings and monuments in areas of high
seismicity.
 3D static and dynamic analysis have shown
that interstorey drift ratios, and normal and
shear stresses on the wall elements can be
significantly reduced by using the operations
of restoration and strengthening which
requires collaboration of specialists from
many scientific disciplines.
 “ Earthquakes do not kill; unsafe
buildings do!”

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