Axial force; Shear force; Bending

moment; Strain energy;

deflection

Dr. V. Srinivas
 Introduction
Structures can be seen all around us in our everyday lives.

High Rise Building

Vehicle Frame

Bridge Supporting
Roadway
Residential Dwelling
 Mechanisms, Motion and Force
Mechanism
A system of moving parts
that performs some
function.
Collins Dictionary

Motion
The process of continual
change in the position of an
object “movement”

Collins Dictionary
Force
There are five main types of force:

1. Compression

2. Tension
Shear forces

3. Shear

4. Bending

5. Torsion Columns in Compression A rope in

Tension

Torsion forces
Pipe Bending
Force Compressive and Tensile Forces
Can crushed by compression

This is where a load Spring in Tension, this is

presses or squashes where a load pulls an object
objects together apart.
Force
Torsion and Shearing forces
Shearing Force

Torsion
This is where the load
causes an object to twist

This is where loads

push at right angles
to the surface of the
object. E.g. scissors

Torsion force
Force Bending and Static Forces

This is where the load causes an object to Bend

A piece of metal

Dynamic Load – a car which is

Bending a piece of metal
not fixed to any one specific
point, e.g. a car travelling along a
road

Static Load – a load which is fixed at

one point, e.g. a building
External/Internal Forces
• External forces arise from contact or gravitational
attraction

– Point and distributed loading

– Weight
• Internal forces are forces arising to hold
bodies together
– Internal stress is a form of an internal force
 Effect of External Forces

Positive Shear

M M

Positive Moment
ME221 Lecture 14 9
Internal Force Components
• Force components
P
Vz
– Axial is along beam Vy
– Shearing forces are transverse components

• Moment components
– Torsion along beam T
Mz
– Bending for transverse
My
components
 Tie

Wall
Strut

• A strut is the part, which has compressive forces acting upon it.
• A tie is the part of a structure which has tensile forces acting upon it.
Calculating Forces
The frame opposite supports a Mass of 60Kg.
Pin A in the sketch is in equilibrium.
Calculate the size of the forces acting on members B
300N
and C in the frame.

In order to calculate the force of the

Mass in Newton’s, the Mass must be
Multiplied by 9.81N, rounded to
(10).Therefore force equals 600N.

519.6N 60Kg

Triangle of Forces diagram.

60Kg
The force at B is calculated as: 600 Cos 60° = (600)(0.5) = 300N

The force at C is calculated as: 600 Sin 60° = (600)(0.866) =519.6N

 20 kg/m 125 kg 125 kg

1m 2m 2m 2m

+ve x
-ve
tension up Tension down
 Recall from mechanics of materials that the internal forces
Internal Forces and Moments P (generic axial), V (shear) and M (moment) represent
resultants of the stress distribution acting on the cross
section of the beam.

Internal Axial Force (P) ≡ equal in magnitude but opposite

in direction to the algebraic sum (resultant) of the
components in the direction parallel to the axis of the beam
of all external loads and support reactions acting on either
side of the section being considered.

T  Tension
C  Compression

Positive Internal Forces Acting

on a Portal Frame
 Beam Sign
Convention for
Shear and Moment

Positive Sign Conventions:

Tension axial force on the

section Shears that produces
clockwise moments Bending
moments that produce
compression in the top fibers
and tension in the bottom
fibers of the beam

Internal Shear Force (V) ≡ equal in magnitude but opposite in direction to the algebraic sum (resultant) of the
components in the direction perpendicular to the axis of the beam of all external loads and support reactions acting
on either side of the section being considered.

Internal Bending Moment (M) ≡ equal in magnitude but opposite in direction to the algebraic sum of the moments
about (the centroid of the cross section of the beam) the section of all external loads and support reactions acting
on either side of the section being considered.
 kN
Shear and bending moment
diagrams depict the variation of
these quantities along the length kN/m
of the member.

Proceeding from one end of the

member to the other, sections are
passed. After each successive
change in loading along the
kN kN
length of the member, a FBD
(Free Body Diagram) is drawn to V and M are in the opposite
determine the equations expressing directions of the positive
the shear and bending moment beam sign convention
in terms of the distance from
a convenient origin.
(kN)
Zero Shear
Plotting these equations produces Maximum
the shear and bending moment Positive
diagrams. Bending
Moment

(kN-m)
Principle of
Superposition
 kN/m

kN

Calculate and draw the shear

force and bending moment
equations for the given structure
 Sketching the Deflected
Shape of a Beam or Frame
Following our positive beam
sign convention, a positive
bending moment bends a beam
concave upward (or towards the
positive y direction), whereas a
negative bending moment
bends a beam concave
downward (or towards the
negative y direction).
An accurate sketch must satisfy
the following rules:
• The curvature must be consistent
with the moment curve.
• The deflected shape must
satisfy the boundary
constraints.
• The original angle at a rigid
joint must be preserved.
• The length of the deformed
member is the same as the
original length of the unloaded
member.
• The horizontal projection of a
beam or the vertical projection of
a column is equal to the original
length of the member.
• Axial deformations, which are
trivial compared to bending
deformations, are neglected.