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Josef Stráský
Lecture 2: Fundamentals of Ti alloys
– Polymorphism
• Alpha phase
• Beta phase
– Pure titanium
– Titanium alloys
• a alloys
• a + b alloys
• b alloys
– Phase transformation β α
– w-phase
Polymorphism
• Pure titanium is polymorphic – it exists in more crystallographic
structures (phases)
• Similarly to iron
• Above 882°C the titanium is body-centered cubic material (bcc)
– b – phase
• Upon cooling below 882°C – (so-called b-transus temperature)
– b – phase martensitically transforms to hexagonal close-
packed structure - a – phase
Stable phases – pure titanium
• b – phase – stable above 882°C (b-transus temperature)
• Under room temperature, only a – phase is stable
Hexagonal close-packed lattice (hcp) Body-centered cubic lattice (bcc)
Phase a Phase b
Plane - (hkl)
Set of planes - {hkl}
Direction - [UVW]
Set of directions – <UVW>
• In metastable b-alloys
• Precipitation of a-particles
• Homogeneous precipitation
• Heterogeneous precipitation
• Grain boundaries
• Particles of other phases
• Chemical inhomogeneities
Phase transformations in metastable b alloys
1. Phase separation: b blean + brich také b b´ + b
• Occurs in strongly stabilized b-alloys
• b-stabilization elements form clusters via spinodal decomposition brich regions
2. Formation of w-phase
• Less stabilized b-alloys
• Formation of particles w
• Small coherent particles, size: 1-20 nm
3. Precipitation of a-phase
from w-phase
• Small w phase particles serve as
precursors of a phase precipitation
precipitates of a phase are tiny and
homogeneously distrbiuted
significant strengthening
w-phase
• Hexagonal (but not hcp)
phase
• Nanometer sized particles
• Created after quenching (w-
athermal)
• Grow during ageing
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Project FRVŠ 559/2013 is gratefully acknowledged for providing financial support.