Professional Documents
Culture Documents
METALLURGY
2131904
Prepared by
Prof. Naman M. Dave
Chapter 8 Assistant Professor,
Heat Treatment Processes Mechanical Engg.
Dept. Institute of Technology
Gandhinagar
Please do not blindly follow
the presentation files only, refer
it just as reference material.
More concentration
should on class room and work text
book-reference books.
Steels Can be heat treated to alter properties by
either ...
A) Heating and slow cooling B) Heating and rapid cooling (Quenching)
1. Annealing 1. Hardening
1. Stress-relief annealing 1. Full hardening / Through Hardening
2. Process annealing 2. Surface Hardening / Case
3. Spheroidize annealing Hardening / Selective Hardening
4. Full annealing (i) Nitriding
5.Bright and Black (ii) Induction Hardening
Annealing
(iii)Carburising – (a) Liquid
6. Iso-thermal
Carburising (b) Gas Carburising (c) Pack
annealing
Carburising
2. Normalising
(iv) Cyaniding
(v) Electron Beam Hardening
(vi) Flame Hardening
(vii) Laser Beam Hardening
2. Tempering
1. Low Temperature Tempering
2. Medium Temperature Tempering
3. High Temperature Tempering
3. Aus-tempering
Prof. Naman M. Dave
4. Mar-tempering
Prof. Naman M. Dave
Heat Treatment
Processes for
Steels
Annealing
Objectives / Purposes
• Hypo-eutectoid Steels
Upper Critical Temp. :
(723-910OC) + 30-50OC
• Eutectoid Steel
Critical Temp.
(723OC) + 30-50OC
• Hyper-eutectoid Steels :
Lower Critical Temp.
(723OC) + 30-50OC
However, some special annealing
cycles (like spheroidise annealing
and process annealing) are
carried out below lower critical
temperature also.
Prof. Naman M. Dave
Holding Time Annealing
1 minute per mm of maximum thickness
cross section OR
1/2 hr. Per 1 inch of maximum thickness cross
section
Final Micro-Structure
Hypo-eutectoid Steel : Coarse Pearlite +
Ferrite
Eutectoid Steel : Coarse Pearlite
Hyper-eutectoid Steel : Coarse
Prof. Naman M. Dave
Types of
Annealing
There are different types of Annealing
Processes. Some of the most widely
used processes are…
• The second step is holding the steel component at this temperature for a definite
holding (soaking) period of at least 20 minutes per cm of the thick section to assure
equalization of temperature throughout the cross-section of the component and
complete austenization. Final step is to cool the hot steel component to room
temperature slowly in the furnace, which is also called as furnace cooling. The full
annealing is used to relieve the internal stresses induced due to cold working,
welding, etc, to reduce hardness and increase ductility, to refine the grain structure,
to make the material homogenous in respect of chemical composition, to increase
uniformity of phase distribution, and to increase machinability.
Annealing
Isothermal Annealing
• Isothermal annealing consists of four steps. The
first step is heating the steel components similar
as in the case of full annealing. The second step
is slightly fast cooling from usual austenitizing
temperature to a constant temperature just
below A1. Third step is to hold at this reduced
temperature for sufficient soaking period for the
completion of transformation and the final step
involves cooling the steel component to room
temperature in air. Fig. depicts heat treatment
cycles of full annealing and isothermal
annealing. The terms α, γ, P, PS and PF.
• Reduced annealing time, especially for alloy steels which need very slow cooling to
obtain the required reduction in hardness by the full annealing.
• More homogeneity in structure is obtained as the transformation occurs at the same time
throughout the cross section.
• Improved machinability and surface finish is obtained after machining as compared to that
of the full annealed components.
• Isothermal annealing is primarily used for medium carbon, high carbon and some of the
alloy steels to improve their machinability.
1. Stress Relief Annealing Annealing
• Heating up to a temperature of 500-550 OC
• Iso-thermal holding
• Cooling in still air up to room temperature
2. Process Annealing
3. Spheroidize Annealing
1130 UCT-
960 2
910 (4) Full Annealing Range UCT-
763
1
723
(3) Spheroidize Annealing Range LCT
650
700
600 (2) Process Annealing Range
Temperature (OC)
550
25
Time
Prof. Naman M. Dave
Heat Treatment
Processes for
Steels
Normalizing
Objectives / Purposes
Cooling Medium :
Cooling in
still ambient
air
Final Micro-
Structure:
• Hypo-eutectoid Steel:
Fine Pearlite +
Ferrite
• Eutectoid Steel:
Fine Pearlite
• Hyper-eutectoid Steel:
Fine Pearlite +
Cementite
Prof. Naman M. Dave
Normalizing
1180
1130 UCT-
Normalising Range
910 2
763
UCT-1
723
LCT
Temperature (OC)
25
Time
Critical Temp.
(723OC) + 10-30OC
• Hyper-eutectoid Steels:
1130 UCT-
960 2
910 Hardening Range UCT-
763 1
723
LCT
Temperature (OC)
25
Time
27
Prof. Naman M. Dave
Hardenability of Steels Hardenability
Note :
Only the alloys highlighted in blue colour can
be full hardened
29
Prof. Naman M. Dave
Hardenability
Factors affecting hardenability are as under...
Alloying content : Higher alloying means
good hardenability
Homogeneity of Austenite : Higher
homogeneity means good hardenability
Grain size of Austenite : Higher the size better is the
hardenability
Presence of un-dissolved carbides : Lesser
carbides
better hardenability
Section of steel : Smaller the section better is the
hardenability
Quenching medium : Selecting the quenching
medium as per the size of the casting will give better
results for full hardening.
Tempering
Heat Treatment
Processes for
Tempering
Steels
Objectives / Purposes
1. To reduce hardness
2. To eliminate retained austenite
3. To relieve internal stresses induced by
quenching
4. To improve toughness and ductility
5. To improve other mechanical properties
(Stationary)
(MOVING)
Work piece
(Rotating)
(STATIONARY)
Flame hardening of a flat cross section work piece Flame hardening of a circular cross section work
Prof. Naman M. Dave piece using lathe
Thermal Treatment
Flame Hardening
The overall heat transfer is limited by the torch and thus the interior never
reaches the high temperature.
The heated region is quenched to achieve the desired hardness.
Tempering can be done to eliminate brittleness.
The depth of hardening can be increased by increasing the heating time.
Maximum 6 mm of depth can be achieved.
Nitriding
Introduction of nitrogen into the outer surface of steel parts in
order to give an extremely hard, wear resisting surface is called
as nitriding or nitrogen hardening.
Chromizing
Boronizing
2. Carburizing 60 RC 0.025 - 4 mm
5. Boronizing 70 RC -
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