3.MEET 315LA MatScie Engineering ME Lab Module 3

MATERIAL SCIENCES AND
ENGINEERING FOR M.E.

LABORATORY
Module 3:
A. Heat Treatment of Steel
B. Study of Testing Machine
The Lasallian Prayer
“Let us remember
that we are in the holy presence of
God.”
2
Ang Panalanging Lasalyano
“Ating alalahanin
na ang Diyos ay ating kapiling.”
3
Table of Content
Module 3A: Heat Treatment of Steel
Gospel Reading
Course Learning Outcomes
Objectives Safety Measures
Basic Concepts Properties of Materials
Heat Treatment Steel Tables
Definition
Rockwell Test
Comparative Hardness Scales for Steel
Surface Hardenings
Carbon Phase diagram
Laboratory Experiment Set-Up
• John 16:33 (06/16/20) : “In this world you will have
trouble. But take heart! But take heart! I have
overcome the world.”
• St. John the Baptist De La Salle..Pray for
us..Live Jesus in our hearts..Forever.
5
Learning Outcomes
At the end of the term, students can:
 Calculate the problem as specified in the
laboratory manual and provide detailed
computations.
 Evaluate the laboratory test data gathered and
provide detailed explanation or interpretations.
 Ability to perform laboratory experimental research
related to the actual experiment as specified in the
laboratory manuals.
 Develop the standard laboratory reports based on
the test data gathered, computations, research
information gathered, results and interpretations of
the experiment performed.
6
Experiment No. 5
Heat Treatment of Steel
OBJECTIVES:
To be able to acquire basic knowledge and skills in steel
heat treatment and determining the change in mechanical
property by determining the hardness of steel flat bar. The
students are guided to perform the actual test which is
significantly related to the required skills in industry.
SAFETY MEASURES:
1. The instructor must orient the students in proper
handling of tools prior to actual processing to avoid
accidents.
2. Wear the required Personal protective Equipment
(PPE) such as apron, safety gloves, face shield, and tongs
3. Stay away at a safe distance when withdrawing the
hot metal.
4. Do’s
Decemberand
3, 2023 don’ts
Prepared By:must
Engr. Joshuabe fully emphasized.
Hernandez 7
Experiment No. 5
SAFETY MEASURES:
5. Never open the Oven during heating operation.
6. During oil quenching, always be alert on hot oil splash.
Don’t touch the quenched metal until it is cooled.
December 3, 2023 Prepared By: Engr. Joshua Hernandez 8

Experiment No. 5
BASIC CONCEPTS:
Properties of materials
Steels are heat treated for one of the following reasons:
Mechanical properties of materials
Strength, Toughness, Hardness, Ductility,
Elasticity, Fatigue and Creep
Physical properties
Density, Specific heat, Melting and boiling point,
Thermal expansion and conductivity,
Electrical and magnetic properties
Chemical properties
Oxidation, Corrosion, Flammability, Toxicity, …

Experiment No.5
BASIC CONCEPTS:
Materials
Ferrous metals: carbon-, alloy-, stainless-, tool-and-die
steels
Non-ferrous metals: aluminum, magnesium, copper,
nickel, titanium, super alloys, refractory metals, beryllium,
zirconium, low-melting alloys, gold, silver. Platinum gold,
silver, platinum, …
Plastics: thermoplastics (acrylic, nylon, polyethylene, ABS,
…) thermosets (epoxies, Polymides, Phenolics, …)
elastomers (rubbers, silicones, polyurethanes, …)
Ceramics, Glasses, Graphite, Diamond, Cubic Boron
Nitride
Composites: reinforced plastics, metal-, ceramic matrix
composites 10
Experiment No.5
BASIC CONCEPTS:
Materials
Composites: reinforced plastics, metal-, ceramic matrix
composites
Nanomaterials, shape-memory alloys, superconductors,
…
Heat Treatment
is the controlled heating and cooling of metals to alter
their physical and mechanical properties without
changing the product shape.
11
Experiment No. 5
Heat Treatment
is often associated with increasing the strength of material,
but it can also be used to alter certain manufacturability
objectives such as improve machining, improve formability,
restore ductility.
12
Experiment No. 5
13
Experiment No. 5
A: Definition
"Hardening is the process of heating a piece of steel to a
temperature within or above its critical range and than
cooling it rapidly"
(Begeman, M.L. - Manufacturing processes - 1977)
B: Definition
"Hardening is that property of a material that enables it to
resist plastic deformation, penetration, indentation,
scratching"
(Lindberg, R. A. - Material & Manufacturing Technology -
1968)
14
Experiment No. 5
Hardening:
Hardening of steel is done to increase the strenth and wear
properties. One of the pre- requisites for hardening is
sufficient carbon and alloy content
Softening:
Softening is done to reduce strength or hardness, remove
residual stresses, improve tough-ness, restore ductility, refine
grain size or change the electromagnetic properties of the
steel.
Material Modification:
Heat treatment is used to modify properties of materials in
addition to hardening and softening. These processes modify
the behavior of the steels in a beneficial manner to maximize
service life, e.g., stress relieving
15
Experiment No. 5
Tempering
Tempering is a process done subsequent to quench
hardening. Quench-hardened parts are often too brittle.
This brittleness is removed by tempering.
Tempering results in a desired combination of:
Hardness, Ductility, Toughness, Strength, structural stability
Quenching
Cooling alloy fast enough to retain a supersaturated solid
solution of alloying constituents without introducing adverse
metallurgical or mechanical conditions; water is most
common quenching media (immersion or spray); other
media include air blasts, soap solutions, ind hot oil.
16
Experiment No. 5
ROCKWELL TEST
Measures the difference in penetration between a minor
and major load
Minor load 10 Kg
Major load 60(a), 100 (B), 150 ( c) kg
A= Diamond, B= 1/16 in. ball, C= diamond
Rockwell scale runs to 130 bur only useful in range 20 -
100
17
Experiment No. 5
18
Experiment No. 5
Surface Hardening
1. Carburizing or Case Hardening
Steel is heated in contact with some carbonaceous material
in solid, liquid, or gas form; the steel absorbs carbon, which
is gradually diffused into the interior of the part.
Gas carburizing
(.005 to .030 thick); it employs
hydrocarbon fuels.
Liquid carburizing
(up to .250 thick); it employs a
cyanide salt bath
19
Experiment No. 5
Flame Hardening:
Heating by oxyacetylene flame to above critical
temperature; heated part immediately quenched by water
spray; produces hard surface with ductile backing.
Pack Carburizing
(.030 to .160 thick); it
employs packing parts in
charcoal or coke. Figure 1 Pack
Gas Carburizing Carborizing
Process
(.005 to .030 thick); it
employs hydrocarbon fuels
20
Experiment No. 5
Liquid carburizing
(up to .250 thick); it employs a cyanide salt bath
Flame Hardening:
Heating by oxyacetylene flame to above critical
temperature; heated part immediately quenched by water
spray; produces hard surface with ductile backing.
21
Experiment No. 5
Figure 2 – Oven Furnace

Figure 3 – Carbon
Phase Diagram
22
Experiment No. 5
To understand heat treatment of steels requires an ability to
understand the Fe-C phase diagram shown in Figure 3. Steel
with a 0.78 wt% C is said to be a eutectoid steel. Steel with
carbon content less than 0.78 wt% C is hypoeutectoid and
greater than 0.78 wt% C is hypereutectoid. The region
marked austenite is face-centered-cubic (FCC) and ferrite is
body-centered-cubic (BCC).
There are also regions that have two phases. If one cools a
hypoeutectoid steel from a point in the austenite region,
reaching the A3 line, ferrite will form from the austenite. This
ferrite is called proeutectoid ferrite. When A1 is reached, a
mixture of ferrite and iron carbide (cementite) forms from the
remaining austenite. The microstructure of a hypoeutectoid
steel upon cooling would contain proeutectoid ferrite plus
pearlite (+ Fe3C).
23
Experiment No. 5
The size, type and distribution of phases present can be
altered by not waiting for thermodynamic equilibrium. Steels
are often cooled so rapidly that metastable phases appear.
One such phase is martensite, which is a body-centered
tetragonal (BCT) phase and forms only by very rapid
cooling.
Much of the information on non-equilibrium distribution, size
and type of phases has come from experiments. The results
are presented in a time-temperature-transformation (TTT)
diagram shown in Figure 5. As a sample is cooled, the
temperature will decrease as shown in curve #1. At point A,
pearlite (a mixture of ferrite and cementite) will start to form
from austenite. At the time and temperature associated with
point B, the austenite will have completely transformed to
pearlite. 24
Experiment No. 5
There are many possible paths
through the pearlite regions.
Slower cooling causes coarse
Pearlite, while fast cooling causes
fine pearlite to form.
Figure 5 – Typical TTT Curve

for a Steel
Figure 6 – Non-equilibrium Cooling

to obtain Martensite
25
Experiment No. 5
Cooling can produce other phases. If a specimen were
cooled at a rate corresponding to curve #2 in Figure 6,
martensite, instead of Pearlite, would begin to form at Ms
temperature (point C), and the pearlite would be
completely transformed to martensite at temperature Ms.
Martensite causes increased hardness in steels.
Unfortunately, hardness in steels also produces
brittleness. The brittleness is usually associated with low
impact energy and low toughness. To restore some of the
toughness and impact properties it is frequently necessary
to "temper" or "draw" the steels. This is accomplished by
heating the steel to a temperature between 500ºF (260ºC)
and 1000ºF (540ºC).
26
Experiment No. 5
Tempering removes some of
the internal stresses and
introduces recovery processes
in the steel without a large
decrease in hardness or
strength.
To obtain the desired
mechanical properties it is
necessary to cool steel from the
proper temperature at the
proper rates and temper them
at the proper temperature and
time. Isothermal transformation Figure 7 – TTT Curve for 1045
diagrams for SAE 1045 steel Steel
are shown in Figure 7.
27
Experiment No. 5
INSTRUMENTS / MACHINE
Electric Furnace Heating Oven Rockwell

Hardness Tester Grinding Machine
MATERIALS:
 FLAT steel bar SAE 4140, 50 MM DIAMETER X 10

MM HEIGHT
 Quenching oil
 Metal sand paper
28
Experiment No. 5
PROCEDURE:
1. Set-up the machine and materials to be used for the
heat treatment.
2. Polish the test piece by the grinding machine or emery
cloth or fine metal sand paper.
3. Perform the hardness reading per procedure in LAB
activity (Experiment) # 4 using the Rockwell Hardness
tester and record the hardness reading in three trials.
4. Preheat the furnace and put the test piece into the
furnace using removable steel tray.
5. Set the temperature to 900 degree centigrade for 30
minutes heating time.
29
Experiment No. 5
PROCEDURE:
6. Once the 900 0 C is reached and 30 minutes
heating time elapsed, pull out the heated steel bar
and immediately soak into quenching oil and allow to
cool.
7. Once the heated metal is cooled, repeat step 3 and
record the hardness for each trial.
8. Take note of the change in hardness reading.
( Hardness should be higher prior to heat treatment
reading)
QUESTIONS:
9. What is the purpose of quenching and tempering steel?
10. What factors probably contributed to the scatter in the
hardness data?
11. Which hardness test appears to be most30 accurate?
Experiment No. 5
QUESTIONS:
4. Discuss the sources of error for the various
hardness testers, the relative ease with which they
may be used, and the comparative consistency of
test results.
5. What are (or should be) the differences in the
microstructure for each heat treatment process and
how do these differences correlate with hardness?
31
Experiment No. 5
DATA: Date:
_______________
Heat Treatment at 9000 C: Time Started: ______ Time Finished:
________
Quenching Time: Time Started: ______ Time Finished:
________
Air Cooling Time: Time AFTER
AFTERStarted: __________ Time Finished:
PRE-TREATMENT Difference (c TREATMENT Difference (e
TRIAL TREATMENT
________ (a)
@900degC (b)
= a – b) (TEMPERING) @ = b – d)
400 degC (d)
Table1 1 - Hardness Test Data
2
Average
32
End of Presentation
MATERIAL SCIENCES AND
ENGINEERING FOR M.E.
LABORATORY
Module 3:
A. Heat Treatment of Steel
B. Study of Testing Machine
Table of Content
Module 3B: Study of Testing Machine
Gospel Reading
Objectives Safety Measures
Basic Concepts Properties of Materials
Heat Treatment Steel Tables
Definition
Rockwell Test
Comparative Hardness Scales for Steel
Surface Hardenings
Carbon Phase diagram
Laboratory Experiment Set-Up
Experiment No. 6
Study of Testing Machine
OBJECTIVE:
To study the different types of testing machine
EQUIPMENT USED:
Drawing instruments and the actual testing machine
PROCEDURE:
On a perspective view, draw approximately to scale the
machine giving particular attention to pertinent parts. Label
the sketch accordingly.
36
Experiment No. 6
DISCUSSION:
In the field or in classrooms and in report writing, the
ability to impart information is reflected not only in
words but also by appropriate and well-prepared
drawings. Therefore, necessary training in drafting is
valuable.
37
Experiment No. 6
DISCUSSION:
A universal testing machine (UTM), also known as
a universal tester,[1] materials testing
machine or materials test frame, is used to test the
tensile strength and compressive strength of materials.
An earlier name for a tensile testing machine is
a tensometer. The "universal" part of the name reflects
that it can perform many standard tensile and
compression tests on materials, components, and
structures (in other words, that it is versatile).
38
Experiment No. 6
Figure 1 - A modern
universal testing
machine
39
Experiment No. 6
Components
Several variations are in use.[2] Common components include:
•Load frame - Usually consisting of two strong supports for the
machine. Some small machines have a single support.
•Load cell - A force transducer or other means of measuring
the load is required. Periodic calibration is usually required by
governing regulations or quality system.
•Cross head - A movable cross head (crosshead) is controlled
to move up or down. Usually this is at a constant speed:
sometimes called a constant rate of extension (CRE) machine.
Some machines can program the crosshead speed or conduct
cyclical testing, testing at constant force, testing at constant
deformation, etc. Electromechanical, servo-hydraulic, linear
drive, and resonance drive are used.
40
Experiment No. 6
Components
Means of measuring extension or deformation - Many tests
require a measure of the response of the test specimen to the
movement of the cross head. Extensometers are sometimes
used.
Output device - A means of providing the test result is needed.
Some older machines have dial or digital displays and
chart recorders. Many newer machines have a computer
interface for analysis and printing.
Conditioning - Many tests require controlled conditioning
(temperature, humidity, pressure, etc.). The machine can be in
a controlled room or a special environmental chamber can be
placed around the test specimen for the test.
Test fixtures, specimen holding jaws, and related sample
making equipment are called for in many test methods.
41
Experiment No. 6
The set-up and usage are
detailed in a test method,
often published by a
standards organization. This
specifies the sample
preparation, fixturing, gauge
length (the length which is
under study or observation),
analysis, etc.
The specimen is placed in the machine between the grips
and an extensometer if required can automatically record the
change in gauge length during the test. If an extensometer is
not fitted, the machine itself can record the displacement
between its cross heads on which the specimen is held.
42
Experiment No. 6
However, this method not only records the change in
length of the specimen but also all other extending /
elastic components of the testing machine and its drive
systems including any slipping of the specimen in the
grips.
Once the machine is started it begins to apply an
increasing load on specimen. Throughout the tests the
control system and its associated software record the
load and extension or compression of the specimen.
Machines range from very small table top systems to
ones with over 53 MN (12 million lbf) capacity.[
43
Experiment No. 6
An elastic modulus (also known as modulus of elasticity) is
a quantity that measures an object or substance's
resistance to being deformed elastically (i.e., non-
permanently) when a stress is applied to it. The elastic
modulus of an object is defined as the slope of its stress–
strain curve in the elastic deformation region:[1] A stiffer
material will have a higher elastic modulus. An elastic
modulus has the form:
where stress is the force causing the deformation divided by the

area to which the force is applied and strain is the ratio of the
change in some parameter caused by the deformation to the
original value of the parameter. Since strain is a dimensionless
quantity, the units of will be the same as the units of stress.
44
Experiment No. 6
Young's modulus E, the Young
modulus, or the modulus of elasticity in
tension or compression (i.e., negative
tension), is a mechanical property that
measures the tensile or compressive
stiffness of a solid material when the
force is applied lengthwise. It
quantifies the relationship between
tensile/compressive stress {\
displaystyle \sigma }\sigma (force per
unit area) and axial strain {\displaystyle
\varepsilon }\varepsilon (proportional Young's modulus is the slope of the
deformation) in the linear elastic region linear part of the stress-strain curve
of a material and is determined using for a material under tension or
the formula, compression.
45
Experiment No. 6
Fatigue testing is a specialised form
of mechanical testing that is performed
by applying cyclic loading to
a coupon or structure. These tests are
used either to generate fatigue life and
crack growth data, identify critical
locations or demonstrate the safety of
a structure that may be susceptible to
fatigue. Fatigue tests are used on a
range components from coupons
Fatigue test of the Airbus A380 wing.
through to full size test articles such The wing was tested for a total of
as automobiles and aircraft. 47500 flights which is 2.5 times the
Fatigue tests on coupons are typically number of flights in 25 years of
conducted using operation. Each 16 hour flight took 11
servo hydraulic test machines which minutes to simulate on the fatigue
test rig.[2]
are capable of applying large variable
amplitude cyclic loads
46
Experiment No. 6
In engineering and
materials science, a stress–
strain curve for a material
gives the relationship between
stress and strain. It is obtained
by gradually applying load to a
test coupon and measuring
the deformation, from which
the stress and strain can be
determined (see tensile testing
). These curves reveal many of
the properties of a material,
such as the Young's modulus, Stress-strain curve typical of a low
the yield strength and the carbon steel
ultimate tensile strength.
47
Experiment No. 6
RESEARCH WORK:
1. Classify the materials of construction employed

by engineers.
2. Into what classifications are metallic materials

divided? Give examples of each.
3. Illustrate and discuss the ten (10) different types

of testing machine found in your book. Also, explain
how the test is being performed on each machine
48
END OF PRESENTATION
ONE HEART.
ONE COMMITMENT.
ONE LIFE.
1719 – 2019
#300LaSalle

The Lasallian Prayer
“I will continue, O my God,

to do all my actions for the love of
Thee.”
Saint John Baptist de La Salle, pray for us.

Live Jesus in our hearts, forever.

Ang Panalanging Lasalyano
“Ipagpapatuloy ko, O Diyos,

ang lahat ng aking gawain
upang Ikaw ay lalong pakaibigin.”
San Juan Bautista de La Salle, ipanalangin mo kami.

Hesus, manahan ka sa aming puso, magpakailanman.

Experiment No. 6
52

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MATERIAL SCIENCES AND

ENGINEERING FOR M.E.

December 3, 2023 Prepared By: Engr. Joshua Hernandez 8

December 3, 2023 Prepared By: Engr. Joshua Hernandez 9

Figure 2 – Oven Furnace

Figure 5 – Typical TTT Curve

Figure 6 – Non-equilibrium Cooling

Electric Furnace Heating Oven Rockwell

 FLAT steel bar SAE 4140, 50 MM DIAMETER X 10

 Metal sand paper

where stress is the force causing the deformation divided by the

1. Classify the materials of construction employed

2. Into what classifications are metallic materials

3. Illustrate and discuss the ten (10) different types

December 3, 2023 Prepared By: Engr. Joshua Hernandez 49

“I will continue, O my God,

Saint John Baptist de La Salle, pray for us.

December 3, 2023 Prepared By: Engr. Joshua Hernandez 50

“Ipagpapatuloy ko, O Diyos,

San Juan Bautista de La Salle, ipanalangin mo kami.

December 3, 2023 Prepared By: Engr. Joshua Hernandez 51

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