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Chapter 11
Recall
For solidification
DG = 4/3 p r3 DGv +4 p r2 s Volume free energy + surface energy
Nucleation
Nucleation usually occurs at grain boundaries Unlike solidification, it isnt too hard to get a nucleus going However, the nucleation rate increases as the temperature goes down
Growth
The nucleus grows as material diffuses to the site Diffusion is a function of temperature If you cool the material off immediately, it is hard for diffusion to occur Supersaturated non-equilibrium structures can occur
Kinetics
Nucleation and growth determine how fast the transformation will occur. Avrami relationship f=1-exp(-ctn)
f is the fraction converted t is time c and n are constants for a given temperature
Avrami Plot
Fraction Converted
t is the time
required for 50% conversion
| Incubation Time |
Time (sec)
Growth Rate
Often expressed as 1/t The growth rate is a function of temperature Often, the higher the temperature, the faster the solid transforms Why? Diffusion dominates in many systems Not always true though for example..
Temperature
Time
C-curve
Typical of many metals, ceramics, glasses and polymers Ex. Iron changes phase this way
135 C
120 C 80 C
Time
L+a
a+b
L+a
#1 Solution Treatment
Reheat the alloy up to a temperature where only one solid phase exists (above the solvus) This dissolves the second solid phase (b for example) into the primary phase Dont exceed the eutectic temperature a
a+L a+q L
#2 Quench
Rapidly cool to room temperature or below This results in a supersaturated nonequilibrium structure The second phase does not form, because diffusion is so slow!! L
a
a+L
a+q
# Aging
Reheat to a temperature below the solvus Diffusion is still slow, so the atoms can only diffuse a short distance Results in a fine precipitate There is an optimum aging time
a
a+L a+q L
Types of Precipitates
Coherent Non Coherent
Coherent Precipitates
Form First Eventually grow until they snap out of solution Produce more hardening If you over age the strength goes down because
Precipitate goes from coherent to noncoherent
Aging
See the animations on the CD Artificial aging elevated temperatures Natural aging room temperature Not suitable for use at high temperature
Why?
a+ q
#1 Solution Treatment
#2 Quench
#3 Aging
Eutectoid Reaction
One solid phase transforms to two different solid phases The iron carbon phase diagram has a eutectoid This diagram is the basis for iron and steels
Liquid
1400 C
Eutectic
g, austenite L+g L + cementite
1200 C
1000 C
Eutectoid
a, ferrite
g + Cementite
800 C
600 C
Cementite (Fe3C
2% C 3% C 4% C 5% C 6% C 6.70% C
400 C Fe
1% C
Pure Iron
16 00 C 14 00 C 12 00 C 10 00 C 80 0 C
Solidifies first as d ferrite which is BCC Then, as it cools, it goes through an allotropic phase transformation to g austenite which is FCC Finally, it changes to a ferrite, which is BCC
60 0C
40 F 0C e
1 % C
2% C
3 % C
4% C
5% C
6% C
6.70 %C
Carbon is significantly more soluble in austenite than in ferrite, because of the crystal structure As the austenite cools, the carbon eventually comes out of solution as cementite
16 00 C 14 00 C 12 00 C 10 00 C 8 0 0 C 60 0 C 40 0 F C e 1 % C 2% C 3 % C 4 % C 5% C 6% C 6.70 %C
Hypoeutectoid Iron
g
Hypereutectoid Iron
g
Fe3C
Fe3C Pearlite
Is it Iron or Steel?
Steel is an iron-carbon alloy that may contain other alloying elements Low , Medium and High Carbon Steel
Usually less than about 1%
Cast Iron
Cast Iron has more than 2.14% C Usually has 3 or 4% Iron
160 0C 140 0C 12 00 C 100 0C 80 0 C
L g 2.14%C
600 C 400 C F e
1% C
2% C
3% C
4% C
5% C
6% C 6.70 %C
Time
Iron
The microstructure depends on how much you undercool the iron If transformation occurs at a high temperature (near the equilibrium phase change temperature) the microstructure will be course At cooler temperatures, a finer microstructure is formed
Martinsitic Reaction
Diffusionless Not time dependant Not an equilibrium structure Steel Martinsite is very hard and brittle
700
600 500 400 300 Bs
Ps
Pf Bf
Pearlite
Bainite
Finish Time
Start Time Ms Mf
200
100 0.1 1
Martinsite 10
100
1000
10,000
seconds
Friday
Jominy End Quench Test Each part of the sample of steel is cooled at a different rate What kind of structure do you expect? How does that relate to strength and hardness?