Cyclone Separator

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 Overview

• Basic Definition
• Objectives
• Working Principle
• Design Procedure
• Types
• Advantages/Disadvantages
• Industrial Usage
 What it is…

A centrifugal separator is a

stationary mechanical device that utilizes centrifugal force to separate solid or liquid particles from
a carrier gas

Cyclones have no moving parts and available in many shapes and sizes,
for example from the small 1 and 2 cm diameter source sampling cyclones which are used for
particle size analysis to the large 5 m diameter cyclone separators used after wet scrubbers.
Classification
 Working principle

The flow enters near the top

through the tangential inlet, which gives rise to an axially descending spiral of
gas and a centrifugal force field that causes the incoming particles
to concentrate along, and spiral down, the inner walls of the cyclone
separator.

The collected particulates are allowed to exit out an underflow pipe while
the gas phase reverses its axial direction of flow and exits out
through the vortex finder (gas outlet tube) .
Lets make things a bit
Đleaƌ… Vortex Finder

Tangential inlet duct

Barrel

Cone

Dust Collector
Design procedures
 TYPES

Horizontal cyclone separator

Vertical cyclone separator

Multiple cyclone separator Single cyclone separator

Design Parameters
a = inlet height b = inlet
width
Dx = vortex finder
diameter Ht = total height
of cyclone h = cylinder
height
S = Vortex finder diameter
Bc = cone tip diameter
 Perform the runs by estimating the pressure drop
(Euler number).
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the resultant quadric polynomial models adequately
represented the experimental data with the coefficient of multiple determination R2 being 0.92848. This
indicates that the quadric polynomial model obtained was adequate to describe the influence of the
independent variables studied . Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to evaluate the significance of the
coefficients of the quadric polynomial models .For any of the terms in the models, a large F-value (small
P- value) would indicate a more significant effect on the respective response variables.
 Based on the ANOVA results presented in above table , the variable with the largest effect on
the pressure drop (Euler number) was the linear term of vortex finder diameter, followed by
the linear term of inlet width and inlet height (P<0.05); the other four linear terms (barrel
height,
vortex finder length, cyclone total height and cone tip diameter) did not show a significant effect
(P>0.05). The quadric term of vortex finder diameter also had a significant
effect (P<0.05) on the pressure drop; however, the effect of the other six quadric terms was
insignificant (P>0.05). Furthermore, the interaction between the inlet dimensions and vortex
finder diameters (P<0.05) also had a significant effect on the pressure drop, while the effect
of the remaining terms was insignificant (P>0.05).
 Cyclone collector design consideration

• Particle size ( particles with larger mass being subjected to greater force),
• Force exerted on the dust particles
• Time that the force is exerted on the particles
 Mathematical models and equations

 fluid mechanics and particle transport equation

 air into the cyclone with an inlet velocity Vin.
 Assuming that the particle is spherical, a simple analysis to calculate critical separation particle sizes.
 considers an isolated particle circling in the upper cylindrical component of the cyclone at a
rotational radius of r from the cyclone's central axis,
the particle is therefore subjected to drag, centrifugal, and buoyant forces.
 The fluid velocity is moving in a spiral the gas velocity.
 Velocity can be broken into two component velocities:
 a tangential component, Vt, and an outward radial velocity component Vr
 Limitations and Alternate models
 the geometry of the separator is not considered, the particles are assumed to achieve a steady
state.
 A major limitation of any fluid mechanics model for cyclone separators is the inability to predict
the agglomeration of fine particles with larger particles, which has a great impact on cyclone
collection efficiency.
 computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is a conventional method of predicting the flow field and the
collection efficiency of a cyclone .
 Three models in cyclone simulation: k–ε model, algebraic stress model (ASM) and RSM.
 The k–ε model adopts the assumption of isotropic turbulence, so it is not suitable for the flow in
a cyclone which has anisotropic turbulence.
 ASM cannot predict the recirculation zone and Rankine vortex in strongly swirling flow.
 RSM forgoes the assumption of isotropic turbulence and solves a transport equation for each
component of the Reynolds stress. It is regarded as the most applicable turbulent model for
cyclone flow.
 To predict the mean particle diffusion in turbulent flow, both Lagrangian and Eulerian techniques
can be used.
 Cyclone efficiency
The efficiency of a cyclone has direct effect on the pressure drop.
Higher efficiency cyclones have highest pressure drops

Different levels of collection efficiency and operation are achieved by

varying the standard cyclone dimensions.

The collection efficiency of cyclones varies as a function of density,

particle size and cyclone design. Cyclone efficiency will generally
increase with increases in particle size and/or density; inlet duct
velocity; cyclone body length; number of gas revolutions in the
cyclone; ratio of cyclone body diameter to gas exit diameter; inlet dust
loading; smoothness of the cyclone inner wall.

Similarly, cyclone efficiency will decrease with increases in the

parameters such as gas viscosity; cyclone body diameter; gas
exit diameter; gas inlet duct area; gas density; leakage of air
into the dust outlet.
 What we plan to do in the coming month
We know that a smaller and compact cyclone has more efficiency than a bigger cyclone.

A lot of industries would be functioning on larger cyclones and therefore would have a large scope of cost reduction as the
efficiency of the system could be increased.

We will take up full data from the industry of the TAC and the efficiency of the cyclone and will try to provide a better
model with greater efficiency in the same cost.

We plaŶ to do this…

Increasing Efficiency on the way

 References
• PhD_thesis_Khairy_Elsayed

• Nptel

• http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0009250910005245

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclonic_separation

• Optimization of the cyclone separator geometry for minimum pressure drop using mathematical
■ models and CFD simulations, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Research Group Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium

• Numerical study of gas–solid flow in a cyclone separator, Center for Simulation and Modelling of
Particulate Systems
■ and School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052,
Australia
ThaNk You…