PURE MATHEMATICS

A LEVELS
Week 14-1

LECTURED BY
NG SZE FERN
 CIRCULAR MEASURE (P1)

r  Radian

2r 2 Radians, like degrees,
  1 rad are a way of measuring
angles
One radian is equal to the angle formed when the arc
opposite the angle is equal to the radius of the circle
So, in the above diagram, the angle θ is equal to one radian
since the arc AB is the same length as the radius of the circle.
 CIRCULAR MEASURE (P1)
Now the circumference of the Therefore,
circle is 2πr, where r is the radius of 360 0  2 rad
the circle. 180 0   rad
0
So the circumference of a circle is 180
1 rad 
2π larger than its radius 

This means that in any circle, 1 
0
0
rad
180
there are 2π radians
 EXAMPLE 1
Convert 400 to radius, leaving your answer as a multiple of 

0
180
400  400 
1800
40
 180
180
40
 
180
2
 
9
 CIRCULAR MEASURE (P1)
Arc Length
The length of an arc of a circle is equal to rθ where θ is the
angle, in radians, subtended by the arc at the centre of the
circle

s 

2r 2
The length of an arc is given by
Arc , s  r
 CIRCULAR MEASURE (P1)

Length of a Chord
Chord is the straight dashed line connecting the point A and B

Chord
CIRCULAR MEASURE (P1)
x  
 sin  
r 2
 
x  r sin  
2
Chord
 
2 x  2r sin  
2

 The length of a chord is given by

 
Chord  2r sin  
2
 CIRCULAR MEASURE (P1)

Area of Sector

Area of a sector 

r 2
2
   2
Area of a sector    
 r
 2 
1 2
 Area of a sector  r 
2
 CIRCULAR MEASURE (P1)
The area of a sector is given by
Area of Sector
1 2
The area of a sector of a circle Area  2 r 
is ½r2θ where r is the radius and
θ is the angle in radians
subtended by the arc at the
centre of the circle.
So in the diagram, the shaded
area is equal to ½r2θ
 CIRCULAR MEASURE (P1)
Area of Triangle
Area of triangle
h
1  sin 
 bh a
2
h  a sin 
1
 ba sin 
2

Area of triangle
1 2
 r sin 
2
 CIRCULAR MEASURE (P1)
Area of Minor Sector

Area of the minor segment shown in

the diagram is given by
Area
 Area of sector  Area of triangle
1 2 1 2
 r   r sin 
2 2
1 2
 r   sin  
2
 EXAMPLE 2

Find the perimeter and

the area of the segment
cut off by a chord PQ
of length 8 cm from a
circle centre O and radius
6 cm. Give your answers
correct to 3 significant
figures.
EXAMPLE 2 con’t

 4
sin  Perimeter
2 6
 r  8

 0.7297 rad  6 1.4594  8
2
  1.4594 rad  8.7564  8
 16.7564
 16.8cm(3.s. f )
EXAMPLE 2 con’t

Area
1 2
 r   sin  
2
1 2
  6  1.4594  sin 1.4594
2
 8.381
 8.38 cm (3.s. f )
2
 EXAMPLE 3
A chord of a circle which subtends
an angle of  at the centre of the
circle cuts off a segment equal in
1
area to of the area of the
3
whole circle
2
(a ) Show that  - sin  
3
(b) Verify tha t   2.61 corrects
to 2 decimal places.
EXAMPLE 3 con’t

2
(a ) Show that θ  sin θ  π
3
1 2
2
 
1 2
r  θ  sin θ   πr
3
1
θ  sin θ  2   π 
3
2
θ  sin θ  π
3
 EXAMPLE 3
(b) Verify tha t   2.61 corrects
to 2 decimal places.
Let f      sin 
f  2.61  2.61  sin 2.61
 2.10309 
f  2.605  2.605  sin 2.605
 2.0938
f  2.615  2.615  sin 2.615
 2.1124  So, correct to 2 decimal places,
2 2
3
  2.094395 f  2.61  
3
EXAMPLE 4

The diagram shows a circle with centre O and radius 5 cm.

The point P lies on the circle, PT is a tangent to the circle
and PT  12 cm. The line OT cuts the circle at the point Q.
(i) Find the perimeter of the shaded region.
(ii) Find the area of the shaded region.
EXAMPLE 4 con’t (i) Find the perimeter of the
shaded region.
By using Pythagoras Theorem,
OT  52  12 2
 25  144
 169  13

12 Perimeter of PQT  Arc PQ  PT  QT

tan θ   r  12  13  5
5
1 12
 51.176  12  8
θ  tan
5  25.88
 1.176 rad  25.9cm (3.s. f )
EXAMPLE 4
con’t

(ii) Find the area of the shaded region.

Area of shaded region
 Area of triangle OPT  Area of sector OPQ
1 1 2
  512   5 1.176  15.3cm 2 (3.s. f )
2 2
TUTORIAL

Q1 to Q17