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One of the most major and significant technological invention of the

century.

Provides connectivity whenever and wherever needed.

SMS or short messaging services.

MMS or multimedia messaging services.

Internet facility.
Ê

  


á Mobile phones have their roots in radiophones.

á Radiophones have a long and varied history going

back to Reginald Fessendenǯs invention and shore-
to-ship demonstration of radio telephony, through
the Second World War with military use of radio
telephony links and civil services in the 1950s,
while hand-held cellular radio devices have been
available since 1973.
á Rue to their low establishment costs and rapid
deployment, mobile phone networks have since
spread rapidly throughout the world, outstripping
the growth of fixed telephony.
á The concepts of frequency reuse and handoff as
well as a number of other concepts that formed the
basis of modern Cell Phone or mobile phone.

 

á Cellular Technology - Telephony, a generic for all

wireless phones, and cellular, a term derived from
cellular base stations that control phone calls, are a
combination of technologies that allow for mobile
phone transmission and reception in a given area.
@ 
   
First generation or 1G

Second generation or
2G

Third generation or 3G
’
@ 

á ’

 
     
 came into vogue first in the United States
of America in 1973.
á It used analog signals and hence needed more
than one base stations which were closely located.
á The first handheld mobile phone to become
commercially available to the US market was the
Motorola RynaTAC 8000X which received
approval in 1983.
á Mobile were too robust and heavy, they were static
and designed for permanent installation in
vehicles.
’
 ’
 

á Analog voice signaling was use.
á Less Secure
á Not much reliable networks.
á No SMS and Roaming Facility.
á Example: Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS)
is the analog mobile phone system standard
developed by Bell Labs.
u @ 
 
á Second Generation Mobile Phones (Also known as
2G ) adopt the system of digital signaling in order
to establish a connection between the radio
towers.
á first digital cellular phone call was made in the
United States in 1990 and still in use.
á Second Generation Mobile Phones were digital
circuit and the use of advanced and fast phone to
network signaling.
á Frequency was much higher.
’
 @
Rigital technology introduced

More Secure

Increased capacity and quality

It cannot normally transfer data, such as email or software.

SMS and Roaming introduced for the first Time

Common example are GSM and CRMA

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á GSM technology which stands for GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR
MOBILE COMMUNICATION, The GSM belonging to
TRMA is the most widely used technology across the world
and was first started in Finland
á Phase I of GSM specifications was published in 1990
á International demand was so great that the system name
was changed from Groupe Special Mobile to Global
Systems for Mobile Communications (still GSM).
á Commercial service started in mid-1991
á 1992 first paying customers were signed up for service.
á By 1993 there were 36 GSM networks in 22 countries
á Early 1994 there were 1.3 million subscribers worldwide
á By 1996 there were more than 25 million subscribers
worldwide
á By October 1997 it had grown to more than 55 million
subscribers worldwide
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Mobile Station (MS)
Ȉ Mobile Equipment (ME)
Ȉ Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
Base Station Subsystem
(BBS)
Ȉ Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
Ȉ Base Station Controller (BSC)
Network Subsystem
Ȉ Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
Ȉ Home Location Register (HLR)
Ȉ Visitor Location Register (VLR)
Ȉ Authentication Center (AUC)
Ȉ Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
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Mobile Equipment (ME)

Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)

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á Produced by many different manufacturers
á Must obtain approval from the standardization body
á Uniquely identified by an IMEI (International Mobile
Equipment Identity
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á Smart card containing the International Mobile

Subscriber Identity (IMSI)
á Allows user to send and receive calls and receive other
subscribed services
á Encoded network identification details
á Protected by a password or PIN
á Can be moved from phone to phone Ȃ contains key
information to activate the phone
 Base Station Subsystem is composed of two parts that
communicate across the standardized Abis interface
allowing operation between components made by
different suppliers

á Base Transceiver Station (BTS)

á Base Station Controller (BSC)
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á Houses the radio transceivers that define a cell
á Handles radio-link protocols with the Mobile
Station
á Speech and data transmissions from the MS are
recoded
á Requirements for BTS:
Î ruggedness
Î reliability
Î portability
Î minimum costs
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á Manages Resources for BTS

á Handles call set up
á Location update
á Handover for each MS
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á Switch speech and data connections between:

Î Base Station Controllers
Î Mobile Switching Centers
Î GSM-networks
Î Other external networks
á Heart of the network
á Three main jobs:
á 1) connects calls from sender to receiver
á 2) collects details of the calls made and received
á 3) supervises operation of the rest of the network components
Ê
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á Contains administrative information of each subscriber

á Current location of the mobile
[       [

á contains selected administrative information from the

HLR
á authenticates the user

á tracks which customers have the phone on and ready

to receive a call
á periodically updates the database on which phones are
turned on and ready to receive calls
   

á Mainly used for security

á Mata storage location and functional part of the
network
á Ki is the primary element

 
á Ratabase that is used to track handsets using the IMEI
(International Mobile Equipment Identity)
á Made up of three sub-classes: The White List, The
Black List and the Gray List
á Optional database
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á 2.5G is a stepping stone between 2G and 3G cellular
wireless technologies.
á 2.5G provides some of the benefits of 3G (e.g. it is packet-
switched) and can use some of the existing 2G
infrastructure such as GSM networks.
á GPRS and ERGM services got introduced due to the
increase in the demand of internet. Currently we are in
2.5G which comprises of GSM, ERGM and GPRS.
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á Stand for General Packet Radio Service
á packet oriented Mobile Rata Service available to users of
Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM).
á Provide Internet communication services such as email and
World Wide Web access.
á Always connected and send data immediately
á higher speeds: typically 32-48 kbps
á GPRS data is handled as a series of "packets" that can be
routed over several paths through the network, rather than
as a continuous bit-stream.
á the information is split into separate but related "packets"
before being transmitted and reassembled at the receiving
end.
 @
á Stands for Enhanced Rata rates for GSM Evolution.

á maximum data transfer rate of x


á ERGE offers the best that can be achieved with a 2.5G

network
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á Reasons for innovations
á new service requirements
á availability of new radio bands

á User demands
á seamless Internet-Intranet access
á wide range of available services
á compact, lightweight and affordable terminals
á simple terminal operation
á open, understandable pricing structures for the whole spectrum
of available services
x  @ 

á 3G was introduced in the United States early in 2002.
á send data up to 40 times the rates of earlier digital
networks.
á Applicable to mobile as well as fixed wireless systems.
á Should be operational on, above and below the earth.
á Example: UMTS


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á Mobile internet connectivity.
á Mobile e-mail.
á Multimedia services such as digital photos.
á Wireless application downloading.
á Video on demand.
á Real-time multiplayer gaming.
á Enhanced emergency and location based service.
á Push to talk & push to video message.
á Voice/high quality audio.
á E-Commerce

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á Leading UN agency for Information & Communication.
á Organizes Telecom events.
á Includes 191 member states and more than 700 sector
members and associates.
á Made a 3G standard called IMT-2000
m!!!
á Single global wireless standard.
á linking of diverse systems of terrestrial and/or satellite
based networks.
IMT 2000 got split into various family of standards

W-CRMA(UMTS)

TR-CRMA

CRMA 2000
[ x@    


 Mobile T.V. based on video streaming, T-Mobile
(Germany).
(Germany)
 Mobile Earth for navigation, Vodafone (Germany).
(Germany)
 Mobile Radio based on audio streaming, TELUS
Mobility (Canada).
(Canada)
 Banking & Finance services, Telstra (Australia).
(Australia)




î 
á Technology behind UMTS
á Closely linked to GSM standard
á It was evolved by 3GPP
á Was finalized in 1999
î 

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 Chip Rate 3.84 Mcps.
 UMTS uses 15 slots per frame.
 Adaptive power control based on SIR.
 Smart antennas can be used to increase capacity and
coverage.
 QPSK Modulation
 Frequency band 1920-1980 MHz and 2110-2170 MHz.
 Channel Bit Rate 5.76 Mbps.
 Frame length is 10 ms(38400 chips).
 Number of Chips per slot is 2560
î   




Time Rivision
Ruplex (TRR).

Frequency
Rivision
Ruplex (FRR).

* Time-division duplexing (TRR) is the application of
time-division multiplexing to separate outward and
return signals. It emulates full-duplex communication
over a half-duplex communication link
* In this method uplink and downlink transmission are
carried over the same frequency band using
synchronized time intervals.
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*  e li a li tra s issi s e l y t
iffere t fre e cy a . air f fre e cy a
it s ecifie se arati is assi e f r a c ecti

 î 
High service flexibility

Built in support for future capacity & coverage

enhancing technologies.

Efficient packet access.

Supports high speed data services