Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Plug flux & 1st order rxn rate back into the mass balance, solve for CAs:
k c CAb ac
MA k c CAb CAs ac k1CAsSa rb CAs
k ''1 Sa rb k c ac
Insert CAs into –r’’A=k1CAs:
Slides courtesy of Prof M L Kraft, Chemical & Biomolecular Engr Dept, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
L21b-4
Omega
actual overall rate of reaction
rate of reaction if entire interior surface were exposed to the bulk conditions
k1CAb
rA 1 k1Sa rb k c ac
rAb k1CAb 1 k1Sa rb k c ac
rAb
r ''A Put into design eq to account for internal & external diffusion
Slides courtesy of Prof M L Kraft, Chemical & Biomolecular Engr Dept, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
L21b-5
Slides courtesy of Prof M L Kraft, Chemical & Biomolecular Engr Dept, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
The graph below shows the reaction rates obtained when the irreversible, liquid- L21b-13
phase, catalytic reaction A→B was carried out in a PBR using the indicated catalyst dp,
T, and FT0. CA0 was the same in each trial.
16 FT0=4000 mol/h, T=400K
14 FT0=4000 mol/h, T=300K
12 FT0=3500 mol/h, T=400K
-rA (mol/g cat*h)
Slides courtesy of Prof M L Kraft, Chemical & Biomolecular Engr Dept, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
The graph below shows the reaction rates obtained when the irreversible, liquid- L21b-21
phase, catalytic reaction A→B was carried out in a PBR using the indicated catalyst dp,
T, and FT0. CA0 was the same in each trial.
16 FT0=4000 mol/h, T=400K
14 int diff lim FT0=4000 mol/h, T=300K
int diff lim int diff lim FT0=3500 mol/h, T=400K
12 int diff
-rA (mol/g cat*h)
-r’A (mol/gcat·s)
overall rxn rates at a point in the
reactor are shown in the graph below.
For which, if any, of the conditions
shown (flow rates and temps) is the
reaction limited by external diffusion?
External diffusion limited where –r’A↑
linearly when T↑
-r’A (mol/gcat·s)
100, 1000 &
overall rxn rates at a point in the 5000 mol/h at
reactor are shown in the graph below. T< 360K
For which, if any, of the conditions
shown (flow rates and temps) is the
ext diff lim
reaction limited by surface reaction
rate?
Surface rxn limited when –r’Aincreases
exponentially with T↑ but independent of superficial velocity (flow!)
Type of Variation of Reaction Rate with:
Limitation Superficial velocity Particle size Temperature
External U1/2 dp-3/2 Linear
Internal Independent dp-1 Exponential
Surface reaction Independent Independent Exponential
For conditions FT0 = 100, 1000 & 5000 mol/h at T< 360K, rxn rate is
independent of FT0 but exponentially dependent on T→ surface reaction limited
Slides courtesy of Prof M L Kraft, Chemical & Biomolecular Engr Dept, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
The catalytic reaction A→B takes For FT0 = 1000
L21b-25
-r’A (mol/gcat·s)
rates ↑ exp with
overall rxn rates at a point in the T but not FT0
reactor are shown in the graph below.
For which, if any, of the conditions
shown (flow rates and temps) is the
ext diff lim
reaction limited by surface reaction
rate?
Surface rxn limited when –r’Aincreases
exponentially with T↑ but independent of velocity
Type of Variation of Reaction Rate with:
Limitation Superficial velocity Particle size Temperature
External U1/2 dp-3/2 Linear
Internal Independent dp-1 Exponential
Surface reaction Independent Independent Exponential
For FT0 = 100, 1000 & 5000 mol/h at T< 360K → surface reaction limited
For conditions FT0 = 1000 & 5000 mol/h at T< 366K, rxn rate is independent of
FT0 but exponentially dependent on T→ surface reaction limited
Slides courtesy of Prof M L Kraft, Chemical & Biomolecular Engr Dept, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
The catalytic reaction A→B takes Rxn rates ↑ exp
L21b-26
-r’A (mol/gcat·s)
overall rxn rates at a point in the 1000 & 5000
mol/h at T>
reactor are shown in the graph below. 367K
For which, if any, of the conditions
shown (flow rates and temps) is the
ext diff lim
reaction limited by internal diffusion?
For FT0 = 1000 & 5000 mol/h at T> 367K, rxn rate is roughly independent of
FT0 but exponentially dependent on T. The reaction rate is internal diffusion
limited at T> 370K for FT0 = 1000 & 5000 mol/h
Slides courtesy of Prof M L Kraft, Chemical & Biomolecular Engr Dept, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
The catalytic reaction A→B takes L21b-27
-r’A (mol/gcat·s)
overall rxn rates at a point in the
reactor are shown in the graph below.
For which, if any, of the conditions
shown (flow rates and temps) is the
ext diff lim
reaction limited by internal diffusion?
How do we know it’s not surface rxn limited at FT0=1000 & 5000 mol/h & T>367K?
As T↑, the specific rate constant k↑, the rate of the surface rxn & consumption of
reactant ↑. Thus the reactant is more likely to be consumed before it reaches the
core.
Slides courtesy of Prof M L Kraft, Chemical & Biomolecular Engr Dept, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
The catalytic reaction A→B takes L21b-28
-r’A (mol/gcat·s)
overall rxn rates at a point in the
reactor are shown in the graph below.
For a flow rate of 10 g mol/h,
determine the overall effectiveness
factor at 360K
Use the rxn rate obtained under surface reaction limited conditions
Slides courtesy of Prof M L Kraft, Chemical & Biomolecular Engr Dept, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
The catalytic reaction A→B takes L21b-29
-r’A (mol/gcat·s)
overall rxn rates at a point in the
reactor are shown in the graph below.
For FT0= 5000 g mol/h, estimate the
internal effectiveness factor at 367K
Slides courtesy of Prof M L Kraft, Chemical & Biomolecular Engr Dept, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
L21b-31
Cl2 is removed from a waste stream by passing the effluent gas over a solid granular
absorbent in a tubular PBR. Presently 63.2% is removed and the reaction is external
diffusion limited. If the flow rate were increases by a factor of 4, the particle diameter
were decreased by a factor of 3, and the tube length (z) were increased by 1.5x, what
percentage of Cl2 would be removed (assume still external diffusion limited)? What
guidelines (T, CA, u) do you propose for efficient operation of this bed?
XA1=0.632 for dp, z, & u0 XA2=? for dp1/3, 1.5z1, and 4u0,1
Slides courtesy of Prof M L Kraft, Chemical & Biomolecular Engr Dept, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
L21b-32
Review: Mass Transfer Limited Rxn in
PBR
b c d
A B C D
a a a
A steady state mole balance on reactant A between z and z + z :
6 1 f
FAz z FAz z z r ''A ac (A c z) 0 where ac
dp
ac: external surface area of catalyst per volume of catalytic bed (m2/m3)
f: porosity of bed, void fraction dp: particle diameter (m)
r’’A: rate of generation of A per unit catalytic surface area (mol/s·m2)
Divide out FAz z FAz z z Take limit 1 dFAz r '' a 0
r ''A ac 0 A c
Acz: A c z as z→0: A c dz
Put Faz and –rA’’ in terms of CA: FAz WAz Ac (JAz BAz )Ac
Axial diffusion is negligible compared to bulk flow (convection)
FAz BAz Ac UCA Ac Substitute into the mass balance
d UCA dCA dU dCA
r ''A ac 0 U C A r '' a
A c 0 U r '' A ac 0
dz dz dz dz
0
Slides courtesy of Prof M L Kraft, Chemical & Biomolecular Engr Dept, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
L21b-33
Review: Mass Transfer Limited Rxn in
PBR (continued)
b c d dCA
A B C D U r '' A ac 0
a a a dz
At steady-state:
Molar flux of A to particle surface = rate of disappearance of A on the surface
r '' A WAr k c CA CAs Substitute
mass transfer coefficient kc =DAB/d (s-1) d: boundary layer thickness
CAs: concentration of A at surface CA: concentration of A in bulk
dCA
U k c ac C A C As 0 CAs ≈ 0 in most mass transfer-limited rxns
dz
dC Rearrange & integrate to find how CA and the r’’A
U A k c ac CA 0
dz varies with distance down reactor
CA CA k c ac
dCA dCA z k c ac
U k c ac C A dz ln z
dz C CA 0 U CA0 U
A0
CA k a k a k a
exp c c z CA CA0 exp c c z r ''A k c CA0 exp c c z
CA0 U U U
Slides courtesy of Prof M L Kraft, Chemical & Biomolecular Engr Dept, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
L21b-34
Cl2 is removed from a waste stream by passing the effluent gas over a solid granular
absorbent in a tubular PBR. Presently 63.2% is removed and the reaction is external
diffusion limited. If the flow rate were increases by a factor of 4, the particle diameter
were decreased by a factor of 3, and the tube length (z) were increased by 1.5x, what
percentage of Cl2 would be removed (assume still external diffusion limited)? What
guidelines (T, CA, u) do you propose for efficient operation of this bed?
XA1=0.632 for dp, z, & u0 XA2=? for dp1/3, 1.5z1, and 4u0,1
ac: external surface
area of catalyst per a 6 1 f
For an external diffusion
CA k a
limited rxn in a PBR, we exp c c z
found (L19): CA0 U catalyst bed volume c dp
f: porosity of bed
In terms of XA: CA0 1 X A k a k c ac
exp c c z ln 1 X A z
CA0 U U
DAB Udp n
12 13
kc 2 0.6 Typically the 2 is negligible so
dp
n DAB
12
DAB Udp n
13
DAB2 3 U1 2
kc 0.6 D k c 0.6
dp n AB n 1 6 dp1 2
DAB 23 U11 2
k c1 U11 2 dp,2
12 12
k c1 0.6 n 1 6 dp,1
k c2 0.6 DAB2 3 U21 2 k c2 dp,1 U2
1 2 1 2
n 1 6 dp,21 2
Slides courtesy of Prof M L Kraft, Chemical & Biomolecular Engr Dept, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
L21b-36
Cl2 is removed from a waste stream by passing the effluent gas over a solid granular
absorbent in a tubular PBR. Presently 63.2% is removed and the reaction is external
diffusion limited. If the flow rate were increases by a factor of 4, the particle diameter
were decreased by a factor of 3, and the tube length (z) were increased by 1.5x, what
percentage of Cl2 would be removed (assume still external diffusion limited)? What
guidelines (T, CA, u) do you propose for efficient operation of this bed?
XA1=0.632 for dp, z, & u0 XA2=? for dp1/3, 1.5z1, and 4u0,1
ln 1 XA1 k c1ac1zU2 ln 1 X A1 k c1 ac1 z U2
ln 1 XA2 k c2ac2 1.5z U1 ln 1 X A2 k c2 ac2 1.5z U1
4u 1 2 d 3 3 2
ln 1 0.632 0,1
p,1
1 ln 1 0.632 2 1 3 3 2 0.667
ln 1 X A2 u0,11 2dp,13 2 1.5 ln 1 XA2
ln 0.368 0.99967
0.257 0.257
ln 1 XA2 ln 1 XA2
XA2 0.98
Slides courtesy of Prof M L Kraft, Chemical & Biomolecular Engr Dept, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
L21b-38
Cl2 is removed from a waste stream by passing the effluent gas over a solid granular
absorbent in a tubular PBR. Presently 63.2% is removed and the reaction is external
diffusion limited. If the flow rate were increases by a factor of 4, the particle diameter
were decreased by a factor of 3, and the tube length (z) were increased by 1.5x, what
percentage of Cl2 would be removed (assume still external diffusion limited)? What
guidelines (T, CA, u) do you propose for efficient operation of this bed?
XA1=0.632 for dp, z, & u0 XA2=0.98 for dp1/3, 1.5z1, and 4u0,1
Hint for T: The conversion of 0.98 is dependent on the reaction still being external
diffusion-limited. How can we adjust the T, CA, and u to make sure that the process
is not instead slowed down by the surface reaction, but without slowing down
external diffusion?
• To keep the rate of Cl2 consumption (surface reaction) faster than external diffusion
(still in external diffusion limited regime), use high T
Slides courtesy of Prof M L Kraft, Chemical & Biomolecular Engr Dept, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
L21b-39
Cl2 is removed from a waste stream by passing the effluent gas over a solid granular
absorbent in a tubular PBR. Presently 63.2% is removed and the reaction is external
diffusion limited. If the flow rate were increases by a factor of 4, the particle diameter
were decreased by a factor of 3, and the tube length (z) were increased by 1.5x, what
percentage of Cl2 would be removed (assume still external diffusion limited)? What
guidelines (T, CA, u) do you propose for efficient operation of this bed?
XA1=0.632 for dp, z, & u0 XA2=0.98 for dp1/3, 1.5z1, and 4u0,1
Hint: How does changing CA and u influence the rate of external diffusion and the
surface reaction?
• The mass transfer rate can be increased by increasing the concentration gradient,
which is achieved by increasing the bulk concentration of A
k c 0.6
DAB 23
u0,1 Ac
12
n1 6 dp1 2
• Increasing the volumetric flow rate u0 increases the mass transfer coefficient but
reduces the spacetime, and therefore XA. The process also becomes reaction
limited instead of external diffusion limited. XA,mass x-fer a kc a u01/2 but XA,reaction a t a
u01 so the increase in u0 may be offset by a reaction-limited decrease in
conversion, assuming constant packed-bed properties. We would need the
parameters for the reaction to evaluate whether increasing u0 is a good idea.
Slides courtesy of Prof M L Kraft, Chemical & Biomolecular Engr Dept, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.