Presentation on

“ Longitudinal Vibration of a Bar ”

Prepared by
Prof. Amit V. Patel
Longitudinal vibration of a bar
 Notation
L=Lengt of Bar
final-orignal
 =Density of bar  (x) 
orignal
 u 
 dx  u  dx  u   dx
x
A(x)=C/S Area as a function of x  (x)   
dx
u
U=Displacement in x direction  (x)= strain in x direction
x
P=Axial load A,B,D,E=Arbitary constant
E
E=Modulas of Elasticity C=

  Natural Frequency f=External Force
• Consider an elastic bar of length L & varying
cross section A as show in fig.
• For 1 dimensional Isotropic material Axial Load P,
P  A
P  E A
u  u 
P  EP E  
x  x 

• For varying cross-section,

u
P ( x )  EA( x )
x
• Apply Newton 2nd law of motion
  
   Fx  ma

  2u 
 Fx  (  Adx)  t 2 
 
  2u 
 p  dP   fdx  P    Adx   2 
 t 
• For varying cross section
 P    2
u
 p dx   f ( x, t )dx  P    A( x)dx   2  
 dP 
P 
dx 
 x   t   x 
 P   2u 
 f ( x, t )    A( x)   2 
x  t 
• For free vibration f=0

P   2u 
   A( x)   2 
x  t 

  u ( x, t )    2u   u 
 EA( x)     A( x)   2  

P ( x )  EA( x ) 
x 
x  x   t 
• If the bar is uniform c/s & homogenous A=constant

 2u   2u 
E 2 ( x, t )      2 
x  t 
 E   2u    2u 
 2  2 
  x   t 

• Comparing with a wave equation,

 2
u  2
u
C 2
 2
x 2
t
E
C 
2


E
C

  Solution of the P.D.E
• The free vibration equation can be solved by the method of
separation of variables In this method the solution is Written as
the product of
u ( x, t )  U ( x)T (t ) ----------- (1)
Differntial equation 1 w.r.t x twise
u ' ( x, t )  U ' ( x)T (t )
u '' ( x, t )  U '' ( x)T (t )
d 2U  d 2U 
u ( x, t ) 
''
2
T (t )  U ( x) 
''
2 
dx  dx 
Differntial equation 1 w.r.t t twise
. .
u ( x, t )  U ( x) T (t )
.. ..
u ( x, t )  U ( x) T (t )
.. d 2T  .. d 2T 
u ( x, t )  U ( x ) 2  T (t )  2 
dt  dt 
• The wave equation,

 2
u  2
u ..
C 2
 2 C u ( x, t )  u ( x, t )
2 ''

x 2
t
..
''
Putting value of u ( x, t ) & u ( x, t )

2 2
d U d T
C T 2 U 2
2

dx dt

C 2 d 2U 1 d 2T
  a   2
--------- (2)
U dx 2 T dt 2
• So from equation (2) we can write 2 O.D.E

2 2 2
C dU 1dT
2
   0 ----- (3)
2
2
   0 -----(4)
2

U dx T dt
dU 
2 2
dT2

2
 2U 0 2
 T  0
2

dx C dt
 2
  2 0
2
P   0
2 2

C
 2
  2
2
P  
2 2

C

1,2  i P1,2  i
C
 • So the General solution of equation  3 &  4  is (5)&(6) respectively

U ( x)  A cos 1 x  B sin 2 x T(t)  D cos Pt

1  E sin P2t

 
U ( x)  A cos x  B sin x ----- (5) T(t)  D cos t  E sin t ----- (6)
C C

put the value of U(x) & T(t) from (5) & (6) in equation u ( x, t )  U ( x)T (t )

 As U(x) is a function of x alone and determines the shape of the normal mode of vibration
under cos ideration , it's called a normal function.

 Thus the general solution to the partial differential equation is


 n n 
u ( x, t )  
n 1,2,......
 n

A cos
C
x  Bn sin
C
x   Dn cos nt  En sin nt  ------- (7)

 
 
 where,  An , Bn , Dn , En are arbitary constant 
 determine by initial and boundary condition 
 
  i - natural frequencies of the system 
 n=0,1,2,3------n , if n=0 fundamental frequency 
 
 E 
 C  
  
End Conditions of Boundary Frequency Mode shape Natural
Bar Condition Equation (Normal Function) Frequencies

Fixed-free u (0, t )  0
 2n  1  x n 
 2n  1  C
L
u
( L, t )  0
cos  0 U n ( x)  Bn sin 2L
C 2L
x n  0,1, 2,3,...........

u n C
(0, t )  0
n x n 
Free-free L
x 0
sin U n ( x)  Bn cos l
u C L
( L, t )  0 n  0,1, 2,3,...........
x

n C
Fixed-fixed
u (0, t )  0 n 
L U n ( x)  Bn cos
n x l
sin 0
u ( L, t )  0 C L n  0,1, 2,3,......
  Fixed-free bar

Two boundary condition for fixed free bar put in above equation
u
1 u(0, t )  0  2 ( L, t )  0
x

1 x  0, t  t, u0


 A
n 1,2,......
n cos 0  Bn sin 0  Dn cos nt  En sin nt   u (0, t )  0

  A  D
n 1, 2,......
n n cos nt  En sin nt   0

An  0
 u
 2  x  L, t  t,  0, An  0
x

 n An  n  B   u
 
n 1,2,......  C
sin 
C
x   n n cos  n
 C C
x    Dn cos nt  En sin nt   ( x, t )  0
 x

 n 0  n  n Bn  n   u
 
n 1,2,......  C
sin  L
C 
 
C
cos  L
 C 
 n
D cos  n t  E n sin  n 
t 
x
( L, t )  0


 n Bn  n  
 
n 1,2,......  C
cos  L    Dn cos nt  En sin nt   0
 C 

 n Bn  n  
  cos  L  0  D n cos nt  En sin nt   0 
n 1,2,......  C  C 
 Frequency equation

 n 

n 1,2,......
cos  L  0
 C 
 Bn  0 

n
L
 2n  1 
C 2
 Natural frequency

n 
 2n  1  C
where, n=0,1,2,3,..................
2L
n n
put n value in equation, U n ( x )  An cos x  Bn sin x
C C

U n ( x)  (0) cos
 2n  1  x
 Bn sin
 2n  1  x
( A n =0)
2L 2L
 Mode Shape (Normal Function)
 2n  1  x
U n ( x)  Bn sin
2L
• Initial condition
If the bar han no deflection & velosity at time t=0 than,
. .
1 U(x, t  0)=U0  2  U (x, t  0)= U 0

 n 
Apply both condition in u ( x, t )    Bn sin x   Dn cos nt  En sin nt 
n 1,2,......  C 
 By appling 1st condition,

n x
U 0    Dn  sin -------(8)
n 1,2,...... L
By appling 2nd condition,
. 
n C n x  n Ct n Ct 
Un   sin   Dn sin  En cos 
n 1,2,...... L L  l l 
. 
n C n x
U0    En  sin --------(9)
n 1,2,...... L L
.
 equation 8&9 is fourier expansion of U 0 & U 0 in the interval of 0  x  L
 m x
 value of Dn & En can be determine by multiplying equation 8 & 9 by sin
L
& integrating w.r.t to x from 0 to L
 Take equation 8
m x n x m x
L L

0 0
U sin  
0 nD  sin sin dx
L L L
n x m x
 sin & sin are orthogonal function & the values of the above integral will be
L L
0 when m  n , non zero when m  n
 Take m  n
n x 2 n x
L L

0 0
U sin dx    n
D sin dx
L 0
L
n x  Dn  2n x   2 n x 2n x 
L L

0 0
U sin
L
dx  0  2 

1  cos
L
 dx



sin
L
 1  cos
L 


n x 2n x 
L
 Dn L  Dn L 
L

0 0
U sin
L
dx    
 2  4n 
sin
L  0
n x D L
L

 U 0 sin
0
L
dx   n 
 2 
 Simillarly by taking equation 9

n x n x
L L
2 2
Dn   U 0 sin dx En =  U 0 sin dx
L0 L nC 0
L