TRIP

GENERATION
By: CRIZZEL ANN M. MACUTONG,
SHERIE MAY RUPISAN &
RALPH ENRIQUEZ
 TRIP GENERATION
 Estimating the number of trips generated by zonal activities
 Trip generation estimate by regression analysis
 Trip generation estimates by trip rates/unit
 Trip generation estimates by category analysis
 Method to balance trip productions and attractions
What is trip generation?
It is the process by
which measures of urban
activity are converted into
numbers of trips.
In trip generation, the
planner attempts to
quantify the relationship
between urban activity and
travel.

It means both trip

productions and trip
attractions.
Definition of terms
 Home-based work (HBW) trip – a trip for
which the purpose is to go from home to work
or from work to home
 Home-based other (HBO) trip – a trip for
which the purpose is to go from home to
another location other than work (e.g. shopping,
school, theater) or from non-work locations to
home.
 Non-Home based (NHB) trip – a trip for
which neither trip end is at home
 Production – the ability of a zone to generate trip
ends. For all non-home based trips, productions are
synonymous with origins
 Attraction – the ability of a zone to generate trip
ends. For non-home based trips, attractions in a zone
can be considered synonymous with trip destinations
in that zone
 Origin – point at which a trip begins
 Destination – point at which a trip ends
Source: Handbook of Transportation Engineering, Chapter 7, TRAVEL DEMAND FORECASTING FOR URBAN TRANSPORTATION
PLANNING, by Arun Chatterjee and Mohan M. Venigalla, McGraw-Hill
 Zone 2
Zone 4

Zone 1

Zone 3
Zone 5
A zone produces and attracts trips

Zone i

# of
dwelling units
Shopping
center
employees
Etc.

Depending on the activities in the

zone, it can produce and/or attract
trips. The planner estimate these
trips.
CLASSIFICATIONS OF
TRIPS
TRIP PURPOSE
TRIP TIME OF THE DAY
PERSON TYPE
 TRIP PURPOSE
- for each trip purpose, a model must be
created because travel behavior depends on
trip purpose.

CONSIDERED AS MANDATORY TRIPS:

• work
• education
CONSIDERED AS DISCRETIONARY TRIPS:
• shopping
• recreation
TRIP TIME OF THE DAY

• PEAK HOURS
• OFF PEAK HOURS
PERSON TYPE
- the type of the individual who makes
the trips

CATEGORIZED BASED ON:

• income level
• vehicle ownership
• household size
FACTORS AFFECTING TRIP
GENERATION
 INCOME
 VEHICLE OWNERSHIP
 HOUSEHOLD STRUCTURE
 FAMILY SIZE
FACTORS CONSIDERED WHEN
MODELING AT ZONAL LEVELS:

 VALUE OF LAND
 RESIDENTIAL DENSITY
 ACCESSIBILITY
 ZONAL EMPLOYMENT
PERSONAL TRIP FACTORS:

 Roofed space available for industrial,

commercial and other services.
 Freight trips

FREIGHT TRIPS - influenced by number of

employees, number of sales and area of
commercial firms.
THREE FACTORS THAT AFFECT
DEMAND FOR TRAVEL

 The location and intensity of land use

 The socio-economic characteristics of
the people living in the area, and
The extent, cost, and quality of
available transportation services.
Regression models (often, simple or multiple linear
models): advantages and disadvantages
Easy and relatively inexpensive.
Correlation among independent (explanatory)
variables may create estimation problems  If
correlated, choose only the variable(s) that has the
highest correlation with the dependent variable.
Stepwise regression may help to find it.
The assumptions of linearity and additive impacts on
trip generation may be wrong.
“Best fit” equations may yield counterintuitive results.
By using zonal averages, important socioeconomic
variations within the zone may be obscured or may
yield spurious results.
Regression models (cont):
something you want to be aware…
A high R2 (Coefficient of determination) by
itself mans little if the t-test is marginal or poor,
Just having a large number of independent
variables does not mean very much.  Choose
only the independent variable that have highest
correlation with the dependent variable and
low correlation among the independent
variables.
Check the coefficients are logical or not. Trip
generation is never “negative” in reality no
matter what value the independent variable has.
Example:

Y = 318.56 + 0.883x, R2 = 0.78