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Transmission Line Basics II - Class 6: Prerequisite Reading Assignment: CH2
Transmission Line Basics II - Class 6: Prerequisite Reading Assignment: CH2
data
Dev a Dev b
Signal
Measured
Clk here Switch
Threshold
Consumer
Home
PCB substrate
Cross section view taken here
Stripline
W
Via
Micro-
Strip
Cross Section of Above PCB FR4 Dielectric
Copper Trace
Signal (microstrip)
Ground/Power
T Copper Plane Signal (stripline)
Signal (stripline)
Ground/Power
Signal (microstrip)
W
Transmission Lines Class 6
7
V f z, t
I f z, t
V1 V2
dz
The major deviation from circuit theory with
transmission line, distributed networks is this
positional dependence of voltage and current!
Must think in terms of position and time to
understand transmission line behavior
This positional dependence is added when the
assumption of the size of the circuit being
small compared to the signaling wavelength
Transmission Lines Class 6
8
+ -
(a) (b)
-
- + - + -
(c) (d)
Transmission Lines Class 6
9
Electric field
E
V V + DV V V + DV
H
I I + DI I I + DI
- - - -
lR0 lL0
lG0 lC0
vs.
Lumped or Tline Models
In theory, all circuits that deliver transient power from
one point to another are transmission lines, but if the
signal frequency(s) is low compared to the size of the
circuit (small), a reasonable approximation can be
used to simplify the circuit for calculation of the circuit
transient (time vs. voltage or time vs. current)
response.
Td < .1 Tx
Td < .4 Tx
Transmission Lines Class 6
Other “Rules of Thumb”
17
Whether it is a
bump or a
mountain depends
on the ratio of its
When do we need to size (tline) to the
use transmission line size of the vehicle
analysis techniques vs. (signal
lumped circuit wavelength)
analysis?
Similarly, whether
or not a line is to
be considered as a
transmission line
depends on the
ratio of length of
the line (delay) to
the wavelength of
Wavelength/edge rate Tline the applied
frequency or the
rise/fall edge of the
Transmission Lines Class 6 signal
Equations & Formulas
Propagation equation
( R jL)(G jC) j
is the attenuation (loss) factor
is the phase (velocity) factor
Characteristic Impedance equation
( R jL)
Z0
(G jC )
In class problem: Derive the high frequency, lossless
approximation for Z0
Transmission Lines Class 6
21
Assumptions TC
TEM conditions TD
Uniform dielectric ( )
between conductors WC
TC<< TD; WC>> TD
* PlateArea Base
T-line characteristics are C
function of: d equation
Material electric and WC F WC pF
magnetic properties C0 8.85 r
TD m TD m
Dielectric Thickness (TD)
Width of conductor (WC) TD F T D mH
L0 m 0.4 m r
Trade-off WC m WC m
TD ; C0 , L0 , Z0 TD mr
WC ; C0 , L0 , Z0 Z0 377 W
WC r
r 1 r 1
F 0.217r 1
TC
e
2 12TD WCTD
2 1
WC
2 You can’t beat
WC
0.02r 11 a field solver
WC
for
TD
1
F TD
0 for
WC
1
TD
60 4(TD1 TD1)
Z 0 sym ln
r 0.67 (0.8WC TC )
Valid when WC/(TD1+TD2) < 0.35 and TC/(TD1+TD2) < 0.25
You can’t beat a
Offset (unbalanced) Stripline Case TD1 > TD2 field solver
Z 0 sym(2 A, WC , TC , r ) Z 0 sym(2 B, WC , TC , r )
Z 0offset 2
Z 0 sym(2 A,WC , TC , r ) Z 0 sym(2 B,WC , TC , r )
r Reflected
A: Terminated in Zo
Zs
Zo Zo r Zo Zo 0
Vs Zo Zo
B: Short Circuit
Zs
Zo r 0 Zo 1
Vs 0 Zo
C: Open Circuit
Zs Zo
Zo r 1
Vs Zo
Consider the
simple circuit that RS
contains source
voltage VS, source RL
VS VL
resistance RS, and
resistive load RL.
The output
voltage, VL is
easily calculated RL
from the source VL = VS
amplitude and the RL + RS
values of the two
series resistors.
Why do we care for?
Next page….
Transmission Lines Class 6
31
TD
Rs A B
Vs
Zo
0 Vs Rt
(initial voltage)
t=0, V=Vi
Z0 Rt
Vi = VS Vf = VS
Z0 + RS Rt + RS
(initial voltage)
t=0, V=Vi
(signal is reflected)
t=2TD,
V=Vi +Zo
Rt+ rB(Vi) rArB)(Vi ) t=TD, V=Vi +rB(Vi )
Vreflected = rB (Vincident)
rB
Rt Zo VB = Vincident + Vreflected
Step 2: Determine VB in the circuit at time t = TD
The transient behavior of transmission line delays the
arrival of launched voltage until time t = TD.
VB at time 0 < t < TD is at quiescent voltage (0 in this case)
Voltage wavefront will be reflected at the end of the t-line
VB = Vincident + Vreflected at time t = TD
Transmission Lines Class 6
34
Rs A B
Vs
Zo
0 Vs rA rB Rt
TD
(initial voltage)
t=0, V=Vi
(signal is reflected)
t=2TD,
V=Vi + rB (Vi) + rAr B )(Vi ) t=TD, V=Vi + rB (Vi )
Rs Zo Vreflected = rA (Vincident)
rA
Rs Zo VA = Vlaunch + Vincident + Vreflected
delay = T, RS= Z0 . VS V1
l
V2 RL
Solution
Transmission Lines Class 6
39
Waveshape:
Step-Function into T-Line with Open Ckt
I1
IA
I2 I1 I2
RS
Current (A)
0.75IA Z0 ,T0
l
0.5I A VS V1 V2 Open
0.25IA
0 T 2T 3T 4T Time (ns)
VA
V1 This is called
V2 “reflected wave
Voltage (V)
0.75VA
switching”
0.5VA
0.25VA
Solution
0 T 2T 3T 4T Time (ns)
Transmission Lines Class 6
40
Solution
Transmission Lines Class 6
Waveshapes for Problem 1b
42
I1
IA
I2 RS I1 I2
Current (A)
0.75IA Z0 ,T0
l
0.5IA VS V1 V2 RL
0.25IA
0 T 2T 3T 4T Time (ns)
I1
VA
I2
Note that a
properly terminated
Voltage (V)
0.75VA
0.5VA
wave settle out at
0.5 V
0.25VA
Solution
0 T 2T 3T 4T Time (ns)
Solution
Transmission Lines Class 6
Transmission line step response
43
r r
source load
V(source) V(load)
0 Vlaunch
0
Time Vlaunch N ps
Vlaunch rload
Vlaunch(1+rload) Time
2N ps
Vlaunch rloadrsource
Vlaunch r2loadrsource
Vlaunch(1+rload+r2loadrsource+ r2loadr2source)
4N ps
Vlaunch r2loadr2source
V(source) Zo V(load)
Vs Rs 5N ps
0 Vs TD = N ps
Rt
Zo 50
Vinitial Vs (2) 0.8
r source 0 . 2 r load 1 Zs Zo 75 50
Time V(source) V(load) Zs Zo 75 50
r source 0.2
0 0.8v Zs Zo 75 50
0v
Zl Zo 50
rload 1
500 ps 0.8v Zl Zo 50
0.8v
0
2500 ps 0 2 50 500 750 1000 1250
Tim e , ps
Zo 50
Vinitial Vs (2) 1.3333
rsource 0 . 3333 rload 1
Zs Zo
25 50
V(load)
Time V(source)
rsource Zs Zo 25 50 0.33333
Zs Zo 25 50
0 1.33v
0v
50
500 ps 1.33v rload Zl Zo 1
1.33v Zl Zo 50
3
1500 ps 2.22v
-0.443v 2.5
2
Volts
1.77v 1.5
2000 ps
0.148v 1 Source
0.5 Load
2500 ps 1.92 0
0.148v 0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250
Time, ps
2.07
X X
Rs
Zo1 Zo2 Rt
Vs
TD TD Aa A' b e
T3 T2 B acd B' b e g i
r1 r 2 r3 r4 C Ac d f h C' b e g i k l
a
Z o1 a vi
vi Vs
TD A c b Rs Z o1 b aT2
Rs Z o1 c ar 2
2TD
d e r1
Rs Z o1
3TD B g
A’ d cr1
f
Z o 2 Z o1
r2 e br 4
4TD h i Z o 2 Z o1
B’ f dr 2 eT3
5TD C k Z Z
j r 3 o1 o 2 g er 3 dT2
Z o1 Z o 2
l
Rt Z o 2 h fr1
C’ r4
Rt Z o 2 i gr 4
T2 1 r 2 j hr 2 iT3
T3 1 r 3 k ir 3 hT2
Transmission Lines Class 6
49
calculate reflection V V S
l
V
l
1 V
1
2
2
3 Short
coefficients at the
interfaces and show the
wave forms of V1(t), V2(t),
and V3(t).
Check results with PSPICE