PUBLIC SEWAGE LINES

 The solid and liquid wastes are to be properly

collected and conveyed at suitable spots for
treatment and disposal.

 The refuse formed in any sanitary system should

be rapidly and safely carried to its disposal site
so as to maintain a clean environment
 A public sewer is an underground carriage
system specifically for transporting sewage from
houses and commercial buildings through pipes
to treatment or disposal.

 The system of sewers is called sewerage.

 Sanitary sewers are distinguished from open

sewers , in that the sanitary system is closed off
from its surroundings to limit interaction
between the waste and the landscape that it
travels through.

 They are also usually distinguished

from combined sewers, which handle not only
sewage but also surface runoff.
 Open sewers, consisting of gutters and urban
streambeds, were common worldwide before the
20th century.

 In most of the developed countries, large efforts

were made during the late 19th and early 20th
centuries to cover the formerly open sewers,
converting them to closed systems with cast iron,
steel, or concrete pipes, masonry, and concrete
arches.

 Open sewers are not used in developed countries

today, but they remain in use in most developing
countries.
 Sewer is an artificial conduit or system of
conduits used to remove sewage and to provide
drainage.
 Sewage is the mainly liquid waste containing
some solids produced by humans which typically
consists of
-washing water
-faeces
-urine
-laundry waste
-other material from household and industry
HISTORY

 In the 20th century developed world, Sewers

were usually pipelines that begin with connecting
pipes from buildings to one or more levels of
larger underground horizontal mains, which
terminate at sewage treatment facilities.

 Vertical pipes, called manhole, connect the

mains to the surface.

 Sewers are generally gravity powered, though

pump were used when necessary.
METHODS OF CARRYING THE REFUSE

 CONSERVANCY METHOD

 WATER CARRIAGE METHOD

CONSERVANCY METHOD
 In this method different types of refuse are
collected separately and carried and disposed
separately and every job was done manually.

 This system is out of date and hence not suitable

for disposal.

 There are several disadvantages of this system of

disposal like the maintenance and establishment
cost, design of the building, insanitary conditions
,risk of epidemic etc
WATER CARRIAGE SYSTEM
 In this system water is used as a medium to
convey the sewage from a particular point to its
final destination.

 The sewage is conveyed through suitably

designed and maintained sewers.

 Some of the advantages of this system are that

it is hygienic , compact design, land required for
disposal is comparatively lesser etc.
SEWER SYSTEM
STORM SEWER SYSTEM
[Storm Drains/Storm water Drains/ Surface
Water System]

 SANITARY SEWER SYSTEM [Foul Sewer]

STORM SEWER SYSTEM
 STORM SEWER is designed to drain excess
rainfall and groundwater from paved streets,
parking lots, sidewalks, and roofs.

 STORM SEWERS vary in design from small

residences to large municipal systems.

 STORM SEWERS are present on most

motorways, freeways and other busy roads, as
well as towns in areas which experience heavy
rainfall, flooding areas which experience heavy
and coastal towns which experience regular
storms.
 Ideally, STORM SEWERS should be separate
from SANITARY SEWERS, though in some
places the runoff from storm sewers is subjected
to SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT when there
is sufficient capacity to spare.

 Most drains have a single large exit at their point

of discharge (often covered by a grating to
prevent access by humans ) into either a canal,
river, lake, reservoir, ocean and spread out into
smaller branches as they move up into their
catchment area.
Storm sewers may discharge into
-individual dry wells.
-man-made excavations (recharge basins).

Pipes characteristics
-can come in many different shapes.
-have many different features.
-several different materials can also be used.
SANITARY SEWAGE SYSTEM

 Sanitary sewer is a type of underground carriage

system for transporting sewage from houses or
industry to treatment or disposal.

 Sanitary lines generally consist of mains and

manholes (or other various forms of traps)
TYPES OF SEWER SYSTEM

 SEPARATE SEWER SYSTEM

 ‰
COMBINED SEWER SYSTEM

 PARTIALLY SEPARATE SYSTEM

SEPARATE SEWER SYSTEM
SEPARATE SEWER SYSTEM

 In this system two sets of sewers are laid ,one for

sewage and the other for carrying storm water.
 The sewage is carried to the treatment plant and
the storm water is directly disposed to the water
body.
 Some of the advantages of this system are

1). load on the treatment plant is less

2). the natural source of water is not polluted
unnecessarily polluted.
3). the sewer is small in size.
4) the storm water collected can be disposed
without going through any treatment.
5) economical.
 Some of the disadvantages are as follows

1). The cleaning of sewer is difficult

2). The maintenance cost is high.
3). The self cleaning velocity is not easily
achieved.
4). The system requires two sets of sewers
COMBINED SEWER SYSTEM
COMBINED SEWER SYSTEM

 In this system only one set of sewer is laid to carry

both , sewage and storm water.
 Some of the advantages are
1). Easy to clean
2). Maintenance cost is reasonable
3). The storm water reduces the strength of the
sewage by dilution.
4). This system requires only one set of sewers.
 There are some disadvantages also, like
1) during heavy storms the combined sewer may
overflow and put public health in danger.
2) the combined sewer if not designed properly may
get easily silted and may become foul in dry weather.
3). The load on treatment plant increases.

4). The sewers are larger in diameter.

5). The storm water gets polluted unnecessarily.

6). Uneconomical.
PARTIALLY SEPARATED SYSTEM
 In this system arrangements are made to permit
early washing by rain into the sewers carrying
the sewage .
 When the quantity of storm water exceeds then it
is collected and conveyed in open drains to the
natural water bodies .
 Some of the advantages are
1). It has the advantages of both the above systems
2). The entry of storm water avoids silting in the
sewers.
3). The problem of disposing storm water from
houses is simplified .
4). The sewers are of reasonable sizes.
Some of the disadvantages are
1). The quantity of storm water admitted to the
sewer may increase the load on the treatment
plant.
2). The velocity of flow is slow in dry weather.
After studying all the system we come to the
conclusion that the choice of the system to
be adopted for a particular layout depends
upon the prevailing circumstances of the
locality.
QUANTITY OF SEWAGE

 In order to find out the suitable section for the

sewage it is necessary to determine the sewage
that will flow through the sewer .

 The sewage consists of the the following

categories.
a). Dry weather flow
b). Storm water
DRY WEATHER FLOW
 There are two types of sewage system
Domestic or Sanitary system.
Industrial waste .
 The quantity of DWF is determined by the
following factors.

Infiltration and ex filtration

Nature of industry
Population
Rate of water supply
INFILTRATION AND EXFILTRATION
 The term infiltration is a term used to indicate
the leakage of water from the surrounding
ground to the sewer and exfiltration is the
leakage of sewage from the sewer to the
surrounding area.
 Both the procedures are undesirable ,
infiltration increase the quantity of sewage and
exfiltration pollutes the underground source of
water.
 This can be prevented by constructing water
tight joints of the sewers.
NATURE OF INDUSTRIES

 The quantity of the industrial sewage will depend

upon the nature of the industry.
 A careful study of the industrial waste is done to
know about the industrial contribution to the
flow of sewage and the quantity of industrial
sewage in then worked out accordingly.
POPULATION
 The population forecast is calculated for two to
three decades .
 The design period for different part of sewage
system is different and thus different factors are
taken into account while fixing the probable life
of a particular part of the sewage system.
 Usually the design period are such for the
different parts of the sewage system.
(a). Laterals for 50 years or so
(b). Branches and submains are designed to last
50 years or more.
(c).main sewers and trunk sewers are estimated
for 30 to 50 years .

(d). The design period for pumping plants is of 5 to

10 years .additions can be done when required
within a short notice .

(e). Treatment units are designed for 10 to 30 years

RATE OF WATER SUPPLY
 The rate of sewage is assumed to be the same as
the rate of water supplied .
 Certain considerations are to be followed while
comparing the rates of sewage with that of water
supply.
 The intensity of pressure….if water is
supplied at a high pressure then there is more
consumption of water and more wastage of water
from leakage in pipes and valves.
 Use of water….every time the water supplied
may not appear as sewage as in the case of
railways ,cotton mills ,milk plants etc , hence the
pattern should be studied and then the rate of
sewage is decided .
 There is a variation in the rate of sewage due to many
factors such as the habits of people ,climatic
conditions , types of industry , level of ground water,
activities in the factory etc
 The variation in the rate of sewers affects the design
of sewers. The two controlling factors are the
maximum and the minimum flow of sewage .
 The sewer should be designed to carry the maximum
discharge and at the same time it should be laid at
such a gradient that the silting will not occur during
the minimum flow .
 The variation between the two factors is sometimes
great and a compromise is to be found out by selecting
a suitable multiplying factor.
 Under normal conditions , this factor for lateral is
4,for main, trunk and outfall sewer is 2.5 and for
combined sewers is 2.
STORM WATER
 Wherever possible the storm water is to be
collected and conveyed in sewer at proper places .
 It creates damp conditions which are unhygenic
and provide ground for the growth of micro
organisms .
 Existence of water pools affect the foundation of
buildings
 Initial washing of streets by storm water
contains organic matters ,hence such water
requires treatment
 Low lying areas get flooded and causes hindrance
to the traffic flow .
 Stagnant water pools are breeding grounds for
mosquitoes.
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION RULES OF SEWER

 1. No structural loads are to be placed on public sewer

lines. - Pile rows must be at least 1 metre clear of the
outside of the pipe, and founded a minimum of 1
metre below the invert level of the pipe. - Subsequent
pile rows must be founded 1 metre below the 45° line
from the pipe invert. - All structural loads on piles
shall be absorbed outside the 45° envelope and below
the pipe invert level for the first row of piles. 2. No
pile ramming is permitted within 5 metres from the
sewer centre line, or within the 45-degree envelope. -
Piles within 5 metres must be drilled. 3. The building
or other work must be designed and founded so that
the sewer and trench line is not adversely affected by
any future excavation necessary for maintenance of
the sewer. 4. The structure must allow for settlement
of the sewer trench line and backfill.
 5. Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) inspections
may be required before and after any work is
done. 6. A Section-35 Consent is required for any
work within 10 metres of a trunk sewer line, in
accordance with the North Shore Drainage Act. 7.
The council may approve building over smaller
sewers. The sewer will need to be re-laid as a
continuous polyethylene (PE SDR17) pipe,
sleeved within a polyvinyl chloride (PVC SN16)
pipe and extending 2 metres either side of the
proposed building, or up to the boundary and/or
the manhole as required by council. 8. Drawings
of the proposed works must