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Gas Turbines For Aircraft Propulsion Chapter 9.9-10
Gas Turbines For Aircraft Propulsion Chapter 9.9-10
Propulsion
Gas turbines
The turbojet engine consists of three main sections: the diffuser, the
gas generator, and the nozzle.
The diffuser placed before the compressor decelerates the incoming
air relative to the engine. A pressure rise known as the ram effect is
associated with this deceleration.
Gas turbines
Process a–1 shows the pressure rise that occurs in the diffuser as the
air decelerates isentropically through this component.
Process 1–2 is an isentropic compression.
Process 2–3 is a constant-pressure heat addition.
Process 3–4 is an isentropic expansion through the turbine during
which work is developed.
Process 4–5 is an isentropic expansion through the nozzle in which
the air accelerates and the pressure decreases.
Gas turbines
Analysis: To determine the velocity at the exit to the nozzle, the mass
and energy rate balances for a control volume enclosing this
component reduce at steady state to give
Except at the inlet and exit of the engine, kinetic energy effects can be
ignored. Potential energy effects are negligible throughout.
The working fluid is air modeled as an ideal gas.
Analysis: To determine the velocity at the exit to the nozzle, the mass
and energy rate balances for a control volume enclosing the nozzle are
applied.
Energy rate balances for a control volume enclosing the nozzle
The inlet kinetic energy is dropped by the assumption that kinetic
energy effects can be ignored except at the inlet and exit of the
engine.
Solving for V5
With the operating parameters specified, the determination h4 and h5
values is accomplished by analyzing each component in turn, beginning
with the diffuser.
Energy rate balance for a control volume enclosing the diffuser gives
Table A-22E
h = 114.69 btu/lb, pr = 0.9182
h = 119.48 btu/lb, pr = 1.0590
Interpolation at h = 119.2 btu/lb, pr1 = 1.051
Table A-22E
T=420 R, pr = 0.5760
T=440 R, pr = 0.6776
Interpolation pa (at 430 R) = 0.6268
Table A-22E
pr = 7.761, h = 211.35 Btu/lb
pr = 8.411, h = 216.26 Btu/lb
Interpolation h2 (at pr = 8.408) = 216.2 Btu/lb
At state 3 the temperature is given as T3 = 2150°R.
Table A-22E
T= 2150°R, h = 546.54 Btu/lb
Table A-22E
h = 436.12 btu/lb, pr = 101.98
h = 449.71 btu/lb, pr = 114.0
Interpolation at h4 = 449.5 btu/lb, pr4 = 113.8
Table A-22E
at h3 = 546.54 btu/lb, pr3 = 233.5
The expansion through the nozzle is isentropic to p5 = 11.8 lbf/in.2
thus
Using the values for h4 = 449.5 Btu/lb and h5 = 265.8 Btu/lb
determined above, the velocity at the nozzle exit is
Combined Gas Turbine–Vapor
Power Cycle
The exergy of a system, E, at a specified state is given by the
expression
The exergy of a system, E, at a specified state is given by the
expression
U0, V0, and S0 denote internal energy, volume, and entropy, respectively,
of the system when at the dead state. In this chapter kinetic and
potential energy are evaluated relative to the environment.
Thus, when the system is at the dead state, it is at rest relative the
environment and the values of its kinetic and potential energies are
zero.
Death state: the system comes into equilibrium with the environment—
that is, as the system passes to the dead state.
Neglecting changes in kinetic and potential energies, the
net rate of exergy increase for an open system is given by
The air then passes through the interconnecting heat exchanger and is
finally discharged at 400 K. Steam enters the turbine of the vapor
power cycle at 8 MPa, 400°C, and expands to the condenser pressure
of 8 kPa. Water enters the pump as saturated liquid at 8 kPa. The
turbine and pump of the vapor cycle have isentropic efficiencies of 90
and 80%, respectively.
A combined gas turbine–vapor
power plant has a net power
output of 45 MW. Air enters the
compressor of the gas turbine at
100 kPa, 300K, and is
compressed to 1200 kPa (at 2).
p2 1, 200
Therefore pr2: = pr1 = 1.3860 = 16.6320
p1 100
h2 = 669.7817 kJ/kg
State 3: T3 = 1400 K h3 = 1515.42 kJ/kg, pr3 = 450.5
State 4: p = 100 kPa
Adiabatic expansion from 1,200 kPa to 100 kpa
h6 = 183.91 kJ/kg
m g 5 4
H e a t e x c h a n g e r
6 7 m v
W p W t
1 4
C o m p re s s o r T u r b in e
W t
Vapor
c y c le T u r b in e 8
C ondenser
6
W 9
p