Alternative Refrigerants

Contents

1. Ozone Layers
2. Ozone Depletion
3. List of Refrigerants
4. Montreal Protocol
5. Kyoto Protocol
6. R22 Alternatives
OZONE LAYER
• Ozone (O3 ) is a gas composed of three oxygen atoms.

• 90% of the ozone is found in the upper atmosphere, 10-50km

above earth surface (stratosphere).

• The ozone layer absorbs most of the harmful ultraviolet-B

(UV-B) radiation from the sun.

• CFCs and HCFCs link to ozone layer depletion.

• If the ozone layer depletes, more harmful UV-B radiation will

reach the earth through the damaged ozone layer.

• Ecological damages and health risk.

OZONE LAYER

Source: http://www.theozonehole.com/atmosphere.htm
OZONE DEPLETION
OZONE DEPLETION

• In 1985, British scientists discovered a large

thinning in the ozone layer over the Antarctic
continent.

• In September 1998, the Antarctic ozone hole

reached a record size of 25 million km2 ,or
two and half times the size of Europe.
Source: American Chemical Society [August 29, 2011]

• UV-B levels are now about 7% higher than thirty years ago.(1970s)

• UV-B radiation has increased dramatically nearer the poles, 22%

higher in the Arctic and 130% higher in the Antarctic relative to values
in the 1970s.
 OZONE DEPLETION

OZONE “HOLE”

Source: http://chemistry.tutorvista.com/biochemistry/causes-of-ozone-depletion.html
LIST OF REFRIGERANT

Type ASHRAE Chemical Name Molecular ODP GWP

No. Formula
CFC R-12 Dichlorodifluoro- CCl2F2 1.0 2,400
methane
HCFC R-22 Chlorofdiluoro- CHClF2 0.05 1,700
methane
HFC R-32 Difluoromethane CH2F2 0 650
R-134a Tetrafluoroethane C2H2F4 0 1,300
Refrigerant R-407C R32+R125+R134a 23% CH2F2 25 0 1,610
Azeotropic (23%+25%+52%) % C2HF5 52%
Mixtures C2H2F4
R-410A R32 + R125 50% CH2F2 0 1,725
(50% + 50%)
Natural R-717 Ammonia NH3 0 0
Refrigerant
R-744 Carbon Dioxide CO2 0 1

Source: www.ashrae.org/technology/page/1933
LIST OF REFRIGERANT

OZONE DEPLETION POTENTIAL GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL

(ODP) (GWP)
0.06 0.5

0.05
0.4
0.04
0.3
0.03
0.2
0.02

0.01 0.1

0 0
R22 R134a R407c R410a R717 R22 R134a R407c R410a R717

Based on R12 ODP= 1 Based on R12 GWP= 1

1500

1000
TOTAL EQUIVALENT
WARMING IMPACT
500
(TEWI)
0
R22 R134a R407c R410a R717
REFRIGERANT TRANSITION
MONTREAL PROTOCOL

1. Developed under the United Nations Environment

Programme (UNEP) in 1987.
2. Objective is to protect the Ozone layer by phasing
out the production of numerous Ozone depletion
substances.
3. Requirement to phase out CFCs in year 1996 and
HCFCs in year 2030.
MONTREAL PROTOCOL

100
100
HCFC Phase Out Montreal Protocol
90
European Union
80
70 65 65
60
Percent

50
40
40 35
30
20
20
10
10
0 0.5 0
0
1996 2004 2007 2010 2015 2020 2030
KYOTO PROTOCOL

World Top Ten GHGs Emitters (2010)

Source: BP, Statistical Review of World Energy (London: June 2011)

R22 ALTERNATIVES

To phase out R22, alternatives to R22 should be chosen carefully

though overall evaluations:

1. Energy efficiency
2. Total emission
3. Safety
4. Economic aspects

There are several candidates:

1. HFC32 : Intermediate GWP and efficient
2. Propane(R290): Natural and efficiency but highly flammable
3. CO2: Natural but poor in efficiency
4. HFC410A: High GWP but applications are widely commercialized

In comprehensive points of view, R32 is recommended as best

alternative to new split air conditioners.
R22 ALTERNATIVES
R22 ALTERNATIVES
Energy Efficiency
R22 ALTERNATIVES
Total Emissions
R22 ALTERNATIVES
Safety
R22 ALTERNATIVES
Safety
R22 ALTERNATIVES
Cost
R22 ALTERNATIVES
Summary