module 6: Product and Process Selection

Project and Production Management

Module 6
Product and Process Selection

Prof Arun Kanda & Prof S.G. Deshmukh,

Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi

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 module 6: Product and Process Selection

MODULE 6:
Product and Process Selection
1. Introducing New 5. Illustrative Examples
Products and Services 6. Self Evaluation Quiz
2. Economic Evaluation of 7. Problems for Practice
Products and Services
8. Further exploration
3. Product Mix Decisions
4. Product and Process
Selection

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 module 6: Product and Process Selection

1. Introducing new
Products and Services

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 module 6: Product and Process Selection

SOURCES OF IDEAS FOR

NEW PRODUCTS &
SERVICES
Customer need
Marketing department
Production department
Design and Development
Vendors and subcontractors
Top management
New technologies
Changing life styles
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 MOTIVATIN IN
module 6: Product and Process Selection

INTRODUCING NEW
PRODUCTS
For profit

To satisfy need

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 module 6: Product and Process Selection

COONTRIBUTION TO NEW
PRODUCT IDEAS
Sales and Marketing (close touch with
customer)
Top management (Active listener to visitor
and customer feedback)
Production department (limited to production
ease and economics)
Research and Development (prompted by
new developments in materials & technology)

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 module 6: Product and Process Selection

GENERATION OF NEW
PRODUCT IDEAS
Brain storming (preferably by
interdisciplinary team)
Team apprised of
 Company objectives & long term goals
 Current economic scenario
 Preferred field of activity (expertise)
 Approximate budget for new product
Each one generates ideas which are
recorded without criticism or evaluation

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 module 6: Product and Process Selection

EVALUATION OF NEW
PRODUCT IDEAS
The evaluation of the new product ideas
could be done on a number of criteria
 Likely demand and pattern of growth
 Ease of raw material availability
 Availability of Production technology
 Competition and likely market share
 Likely revenues and costs of operation
 The product life cycle
An example to illustrate this process is taken
up next

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 module 6: Product and Process Selection

AN EXAMPLE OF
SCREENING IDEAS
Idea/ Demand Comp Ease Cost of Likely Scor
factor etition of process profit
Raw ing e
Mtl
Computer 6 3 6 5 6 26
peripheral
s
Fast food 8 6 9 7 5 35
Fashion 4 5 7 4 4 24
clothing
Soaps and 9 2scale of71(least desirable)
6 410 (most desirable)
28
Each factor
detergents evaluated on a –

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CUSTOMER NEEDS AND
DESIRES
Desires
 Natural, as hunger,
shelter, love and security
 Generated by exposure
to circumstances and
temptations
(as in advertisements on
media, TV,neighbour)
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module 6: Product and Process Selection
Needs
 When a desire becomes
strong enough and
warrants fulfilment, it
becomes a need.
 Customer demand is
based on real or
artificially generated
needs
 Needs are constantly
changing
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 module 6: Product and Process Selection

MORTALITY OF IDEAS

Screening
35-40 ? Economic
evaluation Development
Testing
Commercialization
Number
of ideas

3-24 months ?
Time

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 module 6: Product and Process Selection

PRODUCT POLICY
Minimum price, whatever the quality
Maximum quality, whatever the cost
Safety/reliability
Precision and prestige
Satisfactory balance between quality &
price
Versatility

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 module 6: Product and Process Selection

PRODUCT ANALYSIS
Marketing aspect
Product Characteristics
 Functional aspect
 Operational aspect
 Durability and dependability aspect
 Aesthetic aspect

Economic aspect
Production aspect

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 module 6: Product and Process Selection

MARKETING ASPECT
Who is the
customer?
What are his needs?
Market
How Research
to reach him?
Forecasting
Advertising

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 CUSTOMER NEEDS TO
module 6: Product and Process Selection

PRODUCT
SPECIFICATIONS
Quality Function Deployment
Value Analysis
The Taguchi Method
Computer Aided Design
Design for manufacturability
Design for assembly
Prototyping
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 module 6: Product and Process Selection

QFD RELATIONSHIP MATRIX FOR A

LAPTOP Technical Attributes
Customer Requirements wt. a b c d e f
Light weight 4.5 3 9 3 3 3 3
Small size 3.0 9 3 3 9

Long operation between recharging 3.5 9

Large keys on keyboard 2.0 9

Short time to recharge 1.5 9

Readable screen 3.0 9
Durable 2.0 9 3 3 3

Fast processor /large memory 4.0 9 9

Attribute Importance 31.5 49.5 64.5

118.5 52.5 64.5
a Case Material b Battery type/size c Screen type/size
d Ram capacity e Hard drive type/size f Keyboard type/size

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 module 6: Product and Process Selection

HOUSE OF QUALITY

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 module 6: Product and Process Selection

VALUE ANALYSIS
Define the function of each component
 provide support; permit rotation (verb, noun)
Primary and secondary functions
Identify poor value functions and eliminate
them
Come up with a design with higher value and
lower cost (Value = Quality/Cost)

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 module 6: Product and Process Selection

TAGUCHI METHODS
Develop a robust design
Use a loss function with appropriate range
for aimed at target value
Identify the design parameters of interest
Design experiments to determine which
combination of parameters affect quality
most(Use of orthogonal arrays limits
search)
Develop a robust design

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 module 6: Product and Process Selection

COMPUTER AIDED
DESIGN
Use of software permits
 Development of drawings (Orthographic plus
Isometric views)
 Rotation and viewing from different angles
 Visualization of alternative designs
 Compatibility of assemblies
 Producing files and drawings for manufacture
 Easy updation and transfer to needed locations

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 module 6: Product and Process Selection

DESIGN FOR
MANUFACTURABILITY
Uses catalogs of information,
guidelines, checklists, charts, tables,
diagrams and graphs to
 Develop a design plan
 Decompose products into components and
assemblies
 Evaluate the production costs of product
designs
 Simplify and improve product design

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 module 6: Product and Process Selection

DESIGN FOR ASSEMBLY

The methodology focuses mainly on
 `Machining
 Handling
 Assembly
 Design dimensions
 Clearances
 Shape
 Orientation
DFM/A developed by Geoffry Boothroyd and Peter
Dewhurst. Design for Service DFS is a recent
concept
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 module 6: Product and Process Selection

PROTOTYPING
A prototype provides a feel for the final
product.
With increasing competition, it is imperative to
reduce cost & lead times
Rapid prototyping machines produce the 3-D
part by generating and joining slices
Stereolithography is a commonly used
technology for this purpose.

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 module 6: Product and Process Selection

SUMMARY
The product life cycle
Idea generation and screening
Marketing aspect
Product Features
 Function, Operation,Quality, Durability,
Dependability, Aesthetics, Production aspect
Tools for a Product Designer
 QFD, Value Analysis, Taguchi, CAD, DMF, DFA,
Prototyping

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 module 6: Product and Process Selection

2. Economic Evaluation
of
New Products and
Services

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 module 6: Product and Process Selection

TYPES OF ECONOMIC
ANALYSIS
Gross Measures of Cash Flows
 Return over the life span (NPV,IRR, Payback)
 Loan disbursement cabability(DSCR)
 Risk evaluation in probability terms
Annual Measures of Performance
 Fixed and Variable Costs
 Break even analysis
 Profit Volume Charts
 Changes in demand, profitability
 Optimal strategy evaluation

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 module 6: Product and Process Selection

GROSS PERFORMANCE
MEASURES
Net Present Value

Payback period

Stream of Internal Rate of Return

Cash Flows

Financial Ratios
- Benefit /Cost Ratio
-Debt Service Coverage Ratio

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 module 6: Product and Process Selection

RISK EVALUATION
Decision Tree

Optimistic
Scenario

Most likely
Scenario
Uncertain Cash flows

Pessimistic
Scenario

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 module 6: Product and Process Selection

THE PROFIT
CONSIDERATIONS
A
Profit
Distribution
B
Storage Selling
Profit
Price
Total
Overhead Cost
Labour C
A Increase Selling Price
Materials B Increase Market
Set up Quantity
C Reduce total cost

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 module 6: Product and Process Selection

COMPETITIVENESS OF
PRODUCT
Competitiveness =
Fraction of the market captured by the
product = p/P
p
P
Ratio of Value/Price determines the
Competitiveness of product

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 module 6: Product and Process Selection

FIXED AND VARIABLES

COSTS
Fixed Costs Variable Costs
 Do not depend on  Directly depend on
production volume
production volumes,
 Costs which must be
incurred no matter such as
whether we produce or  Raw materials
not  Utilities
 Rental or cost of land  Direct labour
 Initial Machinery cost  Packaging cost
 Management & indirect  Shipment cost
salaries
 Warehouse, factory and
office space

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 module 6: Product and Process Selection

BREAK EVEN ANALYSIS

Revenue = bV

Profit Total Cost = F+aV

Cost &
At BEP, Revenue = Cost
Revenue
bV1 = F+aV1

Loss or, V1 = F/(b-a)

V1
Breakeven point Volume of Sales
(BEP)

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 module 6: Product and Process Selection

MARGIN OF SAFETY
Revenue = bV

Cost = F+ aV

Margin of Safety=
F (V2- V1)/V1 =
(V2/V1) - 1

V1 V2
(BEP)

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 module 6: Product and Process Selection

PROFIT-VOLUME CHART
Profit, Z =
Profit, Z Z = -F + pV Revenue - Cost =
bV - (F+aV)
-F + (b-a)V =
Volume -F + p V
V1

Slope = (b-a)
= profitability, p
-F

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 module 6: Product and Process Selection

AN EXAMPLE
Fixed Unit Likely Selling
cost variable Sales Price
cost

Product A zero Rs 100 1000 Rs 150

Management
Product B Rs 10,000 Rs 80 2000 Rs 150
Choices

Product C Rs 20,000 Rs 50 5000 Rs 150

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 module 6: Product and Process Selection

EXAMPLE(CONTD 1)
The Profit functions for the three products A B and C are:

ZA= 0 + (150-100) V = 50V (BEP = zero)

ZB = -100,000 + (150-80)V = -100,000 + 70V (BEP = 1429)
ZC = -200,000 +(150-50)V = -200,000+ 100V (BEP = 2000)

The breakeven profit values occur as follows:

For A and B Volume = 5000 Profit Value = Rs 250,000

For B and C Volume = 3333 Profit Value = Rs 133,310
For C and A Volume = 4000 Profit Value = Rs 200,000

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 module 6: Product and Process Selection

3 lac

2 lac

1lac A
Profit
0
B 1 2 3 4 5 6
V in 000 s
-1 lac For maximum profit:
C
For Volume
0 < V< 4000 Product A
-2 lac V>= 4000 Product C
EXAMPLE (CONTD 2)
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 module 6: Product and Process Selection

EXAMPLE(CONTD 3)
3 lac
Assuming Limited
Capacities of Products
2 lac

1lac A
Profit
0
B 1 2 3 4 5 6
V in 000 s
-1 lac Maximum profit is realized
C
for Volume ranges as follows
0 <= V<=1000 Product A
-2 lac 1000<= V<=2000 Product B
2000<=V< =5000 Product C
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 module 6: Product and Process Selection

MODULAR DESIGN
Products are typically designed and
manufactured in modules. This results in
 Low cost of production
 Greater product variety at low cost
 Greater satisfaction for assembly workers
 A greater choice of subcontractors and vendors for
product manufacture
 Control of product reliability and cost

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 module 6: Product and Process Selection

AN EXAMPLE OF
MODULAR DESIGN

A B

For the product to function both A and B must function

If there are 3 designs for A

And 3 designs for B
There are a total of 3 X 3 =9 designs for the product

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 module 6: Product and Process Selection

EXAMPLE OF MODULAR
DESIGN
Subcomponen Reliability
t
.90 0.98
0.95
A Rs 50 Rs 90 Rs 140

B Rs 70 Rs 90 Rs110
Required reliability of the product = 0.90

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 module 6: Product and Process Selection

COST AND RELIABILITY

ANALYSIS
Combina Reliability Cost Reliability Cost Reliability Cost
tion A A B B Product Product
1 0.90 50 0.90 70 0.8100 120
2 0.90 50 0.95 90 0.8550 140
3 0.90 50 0.98 110 0.8820 160
4 0.95 90 0.90 70 0.8550 160
5 0.95 90 0.95 90 0.9025 180
6 0.95 90 0.98 110 0.9310 200
7 0.98 140 0.90 70 0.8820 210
8 0.98 140 0.95 90 0.9310 230
9 0.98 140 0.98 110 0.9604 250

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 module 6: Product and Process Selection

SUMMARY
Financial Evaluation of Products is generally
carried out in two phases
 Gross measures of evaluation eg. NPV,IRR,
Payback, Risk, Financial Ratios
 Annual cost analysis eg Breakeven analysis, Profit
volume Charts, Profitability, Demand.
P-V charts could be used to determine the
optimal strategy when choices are available.
Modular Design helps to improve variety,
lower costs and greater job satisfaction to
workers.
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 module 6: Product and Process Selection

3. Product Mix
Decisions

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 module 6: Product and Process Selection

WHY INTRODUCE
VARIETY?
It may seem that choosing the most
profitable product in large quantities would
maximize profits. This need not be so due
to
 Demand constraints
 Commitment to produce multiple products
 To absorb the risk of producing only one
product
 To expand the customer base
 Utilization of resources

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 module 6: Product and Process Selection

EXAMPLE 1 (LINEAR PROGRAMMING)

Processing Time in Hours per unit
Product Dept Dept Dept Inspe Shipp Unit Min Max
I II III ction ing Profit Sales Sales
A 0.14 0.6 0.2 0.04 0.10 42 150 250

B 0.10 0.4 0.2 0.04 0.10 40 200 400

C --- 0.2 0.1 0.04 0.12 36 360 500

Hours of 160 320 160 80 80

capacity

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 module 6: Product and Process Selection

LP FORMULATION FOR
PRODUCT MIX
3 Products A, B, and C are to be produced
Let X1 be quantity of A to be produced.
Let X2 be quantity of B to be produced.
Let X3 be quantity of C to be produced.
If the profits from the sales of one unit of
each of these products is
Rs 42, Rs 40 and Rs 36 respectively , then
to maximize Profit

Objective function
Max. Z = 42 X1 + 40 X2 + 36 X3

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 module 6: Product and Process Selection

LP FORMULATION FOR
PRODUCT MIX
Constraints
0.14X1 + 0.10 X2 <= 160
0.6X1 + 0.4 X2 + 0.2 X3 <= 320
0.2X1 + 0.2X2 + 0.1X3 <= 160
0.04X1 + 0.04X2 + 0.04X3 <=80
0.10X1 + 0.10X2 + 0.12 X3 < = 80
X1 => 150
X1 <= 250
X2 =>200
X2 <= 400
X3 => 360
X3 <= 500
X1,X2,X3 all non-negative
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 module 6: Product and Process Selection

SOLUTION TO LP
Z = Rs. 28016
X1 = 168
X2 = 200
X3 = 360
Only 3 constraints satisfied as equalities
.10x1 + .10x2 + .12x3 <= 80 (Shadow price = 420)
x2 >= 200 (Shadow price = -2)
x3 >= 360 (Shadow price = -14.4)

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 module 6: Product and Process Selection

PROBLEM 2
• Goal Programming to deal with multiple
conflicting objectives

1. Ensure a profit of at least 80% of the

maximum profit
2. Maximize the utilization of Dept I
3. Ensure at least 20 hours of idle capacity
in Dept II
4. Ensure that the utilization of Dept III is
exactly 150 hours

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 module 6: Product and Process Selection

DEVIATIONAL
VARIABLES
The GP objective function
is: Overachievement
Variable d+
 A function
Target
of only Underachievement
Variable d-
deviational variables
 Minimization
 Priority wise, hierarchical

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 module 6: Product and Process Selection

GOAL PROGRAMMING
A Goal Programming Problem is an
extended version of an LP formulation
and the constraints include
 Goal Constraints
One for each goal, linking the goal to deviational
Variables
 System Constraints
These are the original constraints that appear in
the LP formulation

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 module 6: Product and Process Selection

GOAL PROGRAM FOR

MULTIPLE GOALS
Objective Function

Min [ P1 d1- + P2 d2 - + P3 d3- + P4 ( d4+ + d4- ) ]

Goal constraints:

(42X1 + 40 X2 + 36 X3 ) – d1 + d1- = 0.80 Z max

0.14 X1 + 0.10 X2 – d2+ + d2 - = 160
0.6X1 + 0.4 X2 + 0.2 X3 - d3+ + d3- = 300
0.04X1 + 0.04 X2 + 0.04 X3 - d4+ + d4- = 150

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 module 6: Product and Process Selection

SYSTEM CONSTRAINTS
0.14X1 +.10 X2 + <= 160
0.6X1 + 0.4 X2 + 0.2 X3 <= 320
0.2X1 + 0.2X2 + 0.1X1 <= 160
0.04X1+ 0.04X2+0.04X3 <=80
0.10X1 + 0.10X2 + 0.12 X3 <= 80
X1 => 150
X1 <= 250
X2 =>200
X2 <= 400
X3 => 360
X3 <= 500
X1,X2,X3 all non-negative

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 module 6: Product and Process Selection

SOLUTION TO THE
GOAL PROGRAM
X1= 168 d3+ = 0
X2 = 200 d3- = 47.2
X3 = 360 d4+ = 0
d1+ = 563 d4- = 40.4
d1- = 0 Profit = Rs 22976
d2+ = 0 Utilization of I =43.52
d2- = 116.48 Utilization of II =252.80
Utilization of III = 109.6

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 module 6: Product and Process Selection

PROBLEM 3
Unconstrained Stochastic Product Mix

• n different items

•Uncertain sales potential

(demand for an item is a random variable)

•Short duration sale,

no opportunity to reorder

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 module 6: Product and Process Selection

Notation
Xi = initial stock level of item i
ci = unit procurement cost of item i
ri = unit selling price of item i if sold
during sale
ri = unit disposal value of item i if not
sold during the sale
Di = demand of item i during sale,
random variable having pdf fi(Di)
Z = Contribution to profit and overhead
from the sale

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 module 6: Product and Process Selection

ANALYSIS
For given {Xi} and a given realization {Di}
Quantity sold = S (Xi, Di) = min (Xi, Di)
Quantity remaining = R (Xi, Di)
= max (Xi – Di, 0)
Payoff from the sale = Z =
Sum i=1,n [riS(Xi,Di) + ri’ R(Xi,Di)- ciXi]

If product demands are mutually independent random

variables, we can develop a expression for the
Expected profit, E(Z) as follows

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 module 6: Product and Process Selection

ANALYSIS(2)
E(Z) = Sum (i=1,n) { [ri S(Xi, Di) +
ri’R(Xi,Di)] fi(Di)dDi – ciXi}

= Sum( i=1,n){ri Difi(Di)dDi + riXi fi(Di)dDi

+ri’ (Xi –Di ) fi(Di)dDi – ciXi}

= Sum (i=1,n){(ri-ci)Xi + (ri-ri’)[ Difi(Di)dDi

–XiFi(Xi)]}
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 module 6: Product and Process Selection

ANALYSIS (3)
E(Z) == Sum (i=1,n){(ri-ci)Xi +
(ri-ri’)[ Difi(Di)dDi –XiFi(Xi)]}
For the maximum E(Z) Xi
= (ri-ci) - (ri-ri’)[Fi(Xi)] = 0

Fi(Xi*) = fi(Di)dDi = (ri- ci)/ (ri-ri’)

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 module 6: Product and Process Selection

STOCHASTIC PRODUCT
MIX
Product Cost Revenue Disposal Demand
from sale if not sold Min Max
(Rs) (Rs) (Rs) (units)

1 10 20 5 150 250
2 20 35 10 0 400
3 30 50 20 100 300

Assume all demands to be uniformly distributed

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 module 6: Product and Process Selection

SOLUTION (1)
pdf
fi(xi) 1/(b-a)

ai xi bi

cdf
Fi(xi)
ai xi bi

Xi = ai +(bi-ai)Fi(xi)

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 SOLUTION (2)
F1(x1) = (20-10)/(20-5) = 10/15 x1 = 150 + 100x10/15
= 216.67
F2 (x2) = (35-20)/(35-10) = 15/25 x2 = 0 = 400x15/25
= 240
F3 (x3) = (50-30/50-20) = 20/30 x3 = 100 + 200x20/30
= 233.37

Investment = 2166.7 + 4800+ 7000 = 13966.7

 module 6: Product and Process Selection

SUMMARY
The motivation and considerations behind
product mix considered
Some commonly used formulations of
Product Mix illustrated with examples
 Linear Programming Formulation
 Goal Programming Formulation for
accommodating multiple goals
 Stochastic product mix for perishable items and
short term sale

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 module 6: Product and Process Selection

4. Product and
Process Selection

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 LINK BETWEEN PRODUCT DESIGN AND PROCESS PLANNING
How Many to Make ?
Design Specifications & Requirement (Forecast, Orders)

Functional Design

PRODUCT
DESIGN Production Design

Drgs. & Specifications of what to Make

Product Analysis (Assy & Flow Charts)

PROCESS
PLANNING Make - Buy decision

Process Decisions (Selection from Alternative Processes)

Route Sheets & Operation Sheets. Work Place

Specification of how to Manufacture & Tools Design

Modification of process Plans due to Layout, Quality Preference and M/c

availability
MANUFACTURE
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 module 6: Product and Process Selection

PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE

Sales
Volume

I II III IV Stages
Start Rapid Maturity Decline
up growth Commodity

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 module 6: Product and Process Selection
I II III IV
Product Great variety Increasing Emergence of a High
Variety Standardization dominant Standardizatio
design n “commodity”
characteristic
Product Low Increasing High High
Volume

Industry Small Fall out & Few Large Survivors

Structure Competitors Consolidation Companies

Form of Product Quality & Price & Price

Comp Characteristic Availability dependability

PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE

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 module 6: Product and Process Selection

MANUFACTURING
PROCESS TECHNOLOGY
EQUIPMENT,
PEOPLE AND
SYSTEMS
USED TO PRODUCE A FIRM’S
PRODUCTS AND SERVICES.

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 module 6: Product and Process Selection

KEY DECISIONS
Organizing Process Flows
Project / Job shop/ Batch/ Assembly line/
Continuous flow
Choosing appropriate product/ process mix
Adapting process to meet strategic
requirements.
Evaluating Automation & high technology
processes.

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 module 6: Product and Process Selection
P
R I II III IV
O Product Structure Low Vol. Multiple Few major High vol.
C
E
Low Std, Products, products, High std
S One of a kind Low Vol Low Vol Commodity
S Jumbled
I flow Comm.
Void
(Job-Shop) printer
Disconnect
II Line flow Heavy
(Batch) Eqpt.
Connected
III Line flow
Auto Assy.
(Assy Line)

Continuous Sugar,
IV Flow Void
Refinery

Product - Process Matrix

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 module 6: Product and Process Selection

Batch Assy. Continuou

Line s Flow
Job-Shop

Start Rapid Maturity Commodity

up Growth

The Process Life Cycle

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 module 6: Product and Process Selection

Products
As Change
Market requirements
Competition

Equipment

So Procedures
Must Human
Resources
Product - Process Matrix helps to understand WHY &
HOW companies change their production operations.
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 module 6: Product and Process Selection

DESIGN OF SERVICES AND

SERVICE PROCESSES

SERVICE Design similar to PRODUCT DESIGN

except
Certain services may not require
 engineering
 testing
 components analysis
 prototype building

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 module 6: Product and Process Selection

In service design, process

technology involves different
considerations primarily because
 Clients / customers are present
in the conversion process.
Services vary in

Amount of Intensiveness
Customer of Labour vs
Contact Capital

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 module 6: Product and Process Selection

MATRIX OF SERVICE
PROCESSES
Low Customer High Customer
Contact Contact

Capital Quasi-manufacturing Customer shop

Intensive 
Postal services Services

Automated area Medical treatment.
housing Chartered travel
Labour Mass Services Professional
Intensive 
Teaching Services

Live entertainment Legal Counseling

Cafeteria Medical diagnosis
Tutoring
Rigid Process Flexible process
Technology Technology

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 module 6: Product and Process Selection

AUTOMATION

Automated banking
Electronic grocery scanners
Office automation

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 module 6: Product and Process Selection

CHOICE OF PROCESS

Cost

Job prod. batch production assembly line

Volume

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 module 6: Product and Process Selection

VARIOUS PROCESS
FEATURES
Project
 From objective, identify tasks, plan and
execute, one time activity
Job Shop
 On general purpose equipment produce a
variety of jobs. Each job chooses its route
J2
J1

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 module 6: Product and Process Selection

VARIOUS PROCESS
FEATURES
Batch Production
 A batch of similar parts produced by
following a sequence of machines. Savings
from common setups.
Assembly Line
 One product produced in large numbers by
processing on sequential work stations

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 module 6: Product and Process Selection

VARIOUS PROCESS
FEATURES
Continuous Production
 Chemical Plants, Refineries
 Here the product flows continuously with
characteristics governed by environmental
and control conditions such as
temperature, humidity, chemical
composition, catalyst etc.

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 module 6: Product and Process Selection

SUMMARY
The Product undergoes varying requirements
during its lifecycle
Different processes serve different needs
Product- Process Matrix captures the
relationship
Process life cycle gives how processes
mature
Service matrix for categories of service

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 module 6: Product and Process Selection

SUMMARY (CONTD)
Features of different processing modes
 Projects
 Job Production

 Batch Production

 Assembly Lines

 Continuous Production

Economic Selection of Optimal Process

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