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Green Engineering: Principles and Practice
Green Engineering: Principles and Practice
Jennifer L. Anthony
Adapted from presentations by E. Beckman (U. Pitt) and J. Brennecke (U. Notre Dame)
“Green chemistry is a multidisciplinary field
involving fundamental sciences, business,
law, and engineering.”
Past
Balance in Design
Present
Balance in Design
Polyacrylamide, used in
O papermaking, oil recovery,
H2N personal care, water treatment
H2O NH2
CN Cu catalyst
or enzyme O
O
BASF Process
NH2
HCN +
CN O
Heat
NH
O N H
H
H
HCN, an inherent hazard, raises costs
+ H2O
A&R, 1997
2 example: how to prevent
pollution?
• Engineering changes
–raw materials; pretreatment of water for refinery
to cut down on sludge waste
–increase selectivity in reactors (reactor type,
residence time, T, P, conc., mixing, catalysis)
–separation processes
• choice of mass separating agent
• LLE vs. distillation
• combined reaction/separation
A&S 2002
• membrane, adsorption….
LLE vs. Distillation: acetic
acid/water separation
Water Tb = 100 °C
Dhvap = 40.6 kJ/mol
ethyl acetate
distillation
+ acetic acid
aqueous
acetic acid
acetic acid
LLE
ethyl acetate
distillation
ethyl acetate
H 2O
+ ethyl acetate
+ acetic acid H 2O
+ acetic acid
S&H, 1998
Combined
reaction/separation
C2H6 C2H4 + H2
C2H6
C2H4
C2H6 H2
C2H6
H2
C2H6 C2H4
H2
- microporous membrane
- allows H2 to pass but not C2H4 or C2H6
- allows close to 100% conversion
- eliminates need for energy-intensive separation process
Principle 3
Paper/adhesive Label
Cold process
Cold process
stream in
stream out
50°C
200°C
2 kg/s
Hot process
Hot process
stream in
stream out
200°C
30°C
1 kg/s
60°C
A&S, 2002
Principle 5
• CxHyFzClq
• Non-flammable
• Non-toxic
• Inexpensive
• Effective
• Stable
Example: CFC’s
LL extractor
Fermenter
sulfuric Novo
acid Nordisk
plant
sulfur
steam
power gypsum
gas plant
cooling water
wastewater fly ash
OMe OH
+
MeO HO
O
Differences in cost, density,
Vs. O and energy intensity
Biodegradable analog
12 Principles Applied to
Redesigned Shaw Carpet Tiles