Introduction to

Philosophy with Logic

Janeth S. Hyatt
Online Faculty
jshyatt@ama.edu.ph
 Previous topic

“Different Philosophical
Thoughts”
Ancient (Aristotle)
Topics to be discussed…

Eastern Philosophy
a) Confucius
b) Gautama Buddha
 Objectives
• Evaluate the strengths and
weaknesses of their ideas
• Discriminate the changes
brought by their ideas
 “He who learns but does not
think is lost! He who thinks but
does not learn is in great danger”

Confucius
Confucius
 Confucius
• K’ung-Fu-Tzu was
the name of the
famous Chinese
thinker
• He was born in 551
B.C in the city of
Qufu now part of the
present-day
Shandong province
 Confucius
• He was born out of wedlock
• Confucius’ thoughts have
been developed into a
system of philosophy known
as Confucianism
• His teachings are known
through the analects of
Confucius
 Confucius
• His philosophy was centered
on governmental morality,
social relationships, justice,
and sincerity
• He expressed the well known
principle “Do not do to others
what you do not done to
yourself”
 Analects of Confucius

• A collection of his discussions

compiled by his disciples
The Philosophy of
Confucius
 Ethics
• Righteousness
• Reciprocity
• Empathy
 The superior man
• The mind of superior man is
conversant with virtue; the mind
of the base man is conversant
with gain
• The superior man is modest in
his speech, but exceeds in his
action
Government
 The requisites of
government
• Sufficient of food
• Sufficient of military equipment
• The confidence of the people
in their ruler
 When a prince’s personal
conduct is correct his
government is effective without
issuing an order. If his personal
conduct is not correct, he may
issue orders, but they will not be
followed
 When a country is
well governed?
• Poverty and mean condition
are things to be ashamed of
• When a country is poorly
governed, riches and honors
are things to be ashamed of
What is a great minister
for Confucius?
• One who serves his prince
according to what is right, and
when he finds he cannot do
so, retires
The unprincipled and the
principled people
• Confucius was opposed to
killing unprincipled people in
carrying on the government
 Continuation…
• The relation between superiors
and inferiors is like that
between the wind and the
grass. The grass must bent
while the wind blows across it
 Continuation…
• To govern means to rectify.
If you lead on the people
with correctness, who will
dare not to be correct?
 What should be done in
order to secure the
submission of the people?"
Siddhattha Gautama
Buddha
Siddhattha Gautama Buddha
• Buddha was born
around 565 B.C. in
Lumbini park in the
city of Kapilavastu
in the ancient
northern India now
Nepal
• Gautama was born
a prince, destined to
a life of luxury
The meaning of Buddha
• The enlightened one or
awakened one
Siddhattha Gautama Buddha
• Buddha studied science,
philosophy, and art, he excelled
at everything
• Buddha was not interested in
material things, rather he longed
for tranquility and self-fulfillment
 The four sights
• An old crippled man • Pain
• A diseased man • Disease
• Decaying corpse • Death
• An ascetic • Age
The four noble truths
according to Buddha
The noble truth of suffering

• Suffering is an inherent
part of existence
 Continuation…
• There is suffering: old age,
disease, death, sorrow,
lamentation, pain. There are
also many happy and pleasure
hours in man’s life time but they
are impermanent
The noble truth of the
arising of suffering
• Suffering has an origin: the
threefold cravings such as
sensual craving, craving for
existence, and craving for
wealth and power
The noble truth of the
cessation of suffering
• Suffering can cease:
through extinction of this
threefold suffering,
forsaking it and giving it up
 The noble truth of path
leading to the cessation of
suffering
• There is a path out of suffering,
it is the “noble eightfold path”
because it avoids the two
extremes the sensual pleasure
and self-mortification
 The eightfold path
• Right speech- leads to truth and
understanding
• Right understanding- leads to wisdom
• Right livelihood- leads to sharing
• Right mindfulness-leads to purposeful
life
• Right aspiration-leads to divine
inclination
 The eightfold path
• Right behavior-leads to
goodwill
• Right absorption-leads to unity
• Right effort-leads to highest
outcome
 Conclusion
• The impact of their thoughts to
individual and to the community were
still felt either in a positive or negative
way, though the intention in carving
their ideas was to influence and help
the world, there were some people
that interpreted it in a different way for
their own interest.
Please standby for the
next class