Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention, Global Initiative for Asthma (Updated 2017).
Available from www.ginaasthma.org.
1. Pola gejala yang merupakan ciri khas asma
2. Riwayat keluarga
3. Pemeriksaan fisik
4. Pengukuran fungsi paru
Spirometri
Peak expiratory flow / Arus Puncak Ekspirasi
Pengukuran respons saluran napas (bronchial provocation test)
4. Pengukuran status alergi untuk mengindentifikasi faktor
risiko (allergy test)
Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention, Global Initiative for Asthma (Updated 2017)
3 Available from www.ginaasthma.org.
Inflamasi adalah fitur utama pada asma
Gejala
Obstruksi
saluran napas
Hiperesponsif
bronkial
Inflamasi
Saluran napas
Early phase
Late phase
Allergy 2002: 57: 607–613
Printed in UK. All rights
Comorbidities commonly associated with
nonallergic asthma include nasal polyposis,
rhinosinusitis, and gastroesophageal reflux
disease. Aspirin exacerbated respiratory
disease (AERD) (eg, severe asthma, associated
with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps,
and sensitivity to aspirin and other
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents) can
either be considered a specific type of
nonallergic asthma or a separate phenotype of
asthma, as discussed in an accompanying
article in this issue. However, atopy (positive
skin prick tests) has been reported to
bepresent in 52% of subjects with AERD and
ranged from 47% to 65% of subjects in the 4
classes of these subjects identified by latent
class analysis.
Urinary leukotriene E4 (LTE4) is a well-
validated marker of the cysteinyl leukotriene
pathway, and LTE4 elevation has been
described in conditions such as asthma,
aspirin sensitivity, and chronic rhinosinusitis
(CRS). There have been a number of reports
investigating the role of spot urine LTE4 to
predict aspirin sensitivity
Sources of LTE4 include many of the cells
types involved in inflammation of the upper
and lower respiratory tract such as
eosinophils, mast cells, basophils as well as
macrophages, platelets, and neutrophils
Peningkatan
hormon estrogen Jenis Kelamin Riwayat asma
Janin sebelum hamil
Serangan asma berat
dan asma yang tidak
Umumnya, asma terkontrol dapat
tidak mempengaruhi menyebabkan
janin. HIPOKSIA JANIN
Kelahiran
Prematur
KEHAMILAN
Usia kehamilan SC
muda