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Cycles
Chapter 10
Introduction to Power and
Refrigeration Cycles
Two important areas of application for
thermodynamics are Power Generation and
Refrigeration.
Both power generation and refrigeration are
usually accomplished by a system that
operates on a thermodynamics cycle.
Thermodynamics cycles can be divided into
two generation categories:
Power Cycles
Refrigeration Cycles
Introduction to Power and
Refrigeration Cycles
The devices or systems used to produce a
net power output are often called engines
and the thermodynamics cycles they operate
on are called power cycle.
The devices or systems use to produce
refrigeration are called refrigerators , air
conditioners or heat pumps and the cycles
they operates on are called refrigeration
cycles.
The Carnot Vapor Cycle
A steady-flow Canort
cycle executed with
the saturation dome
of a pure substance is
shown in figure.
The Carnot cycle is
not a suitable model
for vapor power cycle
because it cannot be
approximated in
practice.
Rankine Cycle
The impracticalities associated with Carnot cycle
can be eliminated by:
1. superheating the steam in the boiler.
2. condensing it completely in the condenser.
where h1 h f @ P1 v v1 v f @ P1
Boiler w 0 qin h3 h2
wnet qout
th 1
qin qin
where
wa h3 h4 a
Turbine
T
ws h3 h4 s
Increasing the efficiency of
the Rankine cycle?
Three ways:
and
m 6
where y w pumpI,in v1 P2 P1 w pumpII,in v3 P4 P3
m 5
Closed Feedwater Heaters
the closed feedwater heater in which heat
is transferred from the extracted steam to
the feedwater without any mixing taking
place.
The two streams now can be at different
pressure, since they do not mix.
Second – Law Analysis of Vapor Power Cycle
The exergy destruction per unit mass for a
steady – flow system can be expressed, in the
rate form, as:
q out qin
x dest TO S gen TO s e si kJ kg
Tb ,out Tb ,in
Utilization Factor u
Q in m 3 h4 h3
Q out m 7 h7 h1
Q p m
5 h5 m
6 h6 m
8 h8
W turb m 4 m 5 h4 h6 m 7 h6 h7
Combined Gas – Vapor Powr Cycle