● Name : Mistry Mihir Dilipbhai

● Branch : Mechanical Engineering

● Enrollment No. : 170210119067

● Sem : 2

● Topic : Electromagnetism
Electromagnetism

Part 1 : Electromagnetic induction;

Faraday’s Law

Part 2 : Electromagnetic waves

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Introduction

Electricity E(x,t) and magnetism B(x,t)

But also, the E and B fields affect each other;

electricity and magnetism go together to make a
unified interaction ⇒ electromagnetism

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 The discovery of electromagnetic induction

Electromagnetic induction was discovered

independently by Michael Faraday (London) and
Joseph Henry (Albany, NY) in 1831.
1797 –1878
Faraday

1791 -1867 Henry

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Simplest demonstration of electromagnetic induction

Observation: when the magnet moves, a current

occurs in the coil of wire (measured by the
galvanometer).

Faraday developed many experiments to produce the

effect, in different ways. Changing the magnetic field
induces electric current in a nearby conductor.
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But the electric current is a secondary effect.
The primary effect is an electric field.
Electromagnetic induction is a field effect.

When the magnetic field changes in

time, there is an induced electric field.

(If a conductor is present, then current is driven

by the induced electric field.)
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Electromagnetic induction is
a field effect.

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Faraday’s Law and Field Theory

Advanced Calculus!! 진보된 미적분학

Lenz’s Law: The induced current* opposes the

change of magnetic flux.
(*if a conductor
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is present)
Applications of electromagnetic induction
► self-inductance in an AC circuit

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Applications of electromagnetic induction
► the electric generator

The design principle — how it works

As the coil rotates, the flux Φ alternates, which

induces an alternating emf around the coil.

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The electric generator
— the practical device

Torque must be applied

to turn the rotating coil.
Mechanical work is
converted to electrical
energy.

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 Power Plant
Appliances Transformers Transmission Electric generators
120 volts @ 60 Mutual Lines are driven by a
hertz inductance, i.e., 345,000 volts primary energy
electromagnetic (AC) source; e.g.,
induction •Coal furnace
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•Nuclear reactor
Applications of electromagnetic induction
► the transformer

Primary Coil Secondary Coil

(1) (2)

(3)

(1) Alternating flux is created here …

(2) which makes an alternating flux here …
(3) which makes and alternating emf here.
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Applications of electromagnetic induction
► the transformer

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 electromagnetic
induction

Percent used for

Primary Energy Sources electric power in USA
Water flow Coal……………………………………… 50 %
drives the Petroleum or Natural Gas……… 10 %
turbine Nuclear Reactor…………………… 20%
Hydroelectric………………………… 20%
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Alternative Energy Sources ?
• renewable
• safe for the environment
• no carbon dioxide emission
• less expensive

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The electric generator
… the practical device -- electric generator --

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Gangwon Wind Park in Korea

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 Photovoltaic Solar Cells

• direct conversion from sunlight to electricity

• there is no mechanical generator

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