Emotion

Fadhilah Sharfina Alyani

16-073
Definisi
• suatu keadaan yang terangsang dari organisme mencakup perubahan-
perubahan yang disadari, yang mendalam sifatnya, dan perubahan
perilaku
Neurotransmitter
• Two of the most important neuro-transmitters that involved in mood
are dopamine and serotonin
• Dopamine  positive mood is associated with increased levels of
dopamine
• Serotonin  neurotransmitter that mediated satisfaction, happiness
and optimism
• NE  the emotional perception of facial expressions in humans
• Endorphin  Increased level of endorphin inhibited pain in the body
and reduced level of endorphin inhibited positive feelings
• Melatonin  are controlled by being in bright light
Hormones
• Cortisol
• This hormone regulate by CRH that release from hypothalamus  increase
ACTH  increase cortisol
• Cortisol secretion patterns have been linked to depression, stress, and anxiety
• Adrenalin
• hormone that releases from Adrenal glands.
• Adrenaline release is a crucial component of the fight-or-flight response of
the sympathetic nervous system
Reward Pathway - Happiness
• Reward center  medial forebrain dan ventromedial of the hipotalamus
 Hedonic Hotspot
• Distribusi Reward Pathway
melalui mekanisme hedonic
yang ditemukan di deep in
the brain (nucleus
accumbens, ventral pallidum,
brainstem) dan di cortex
(orbitofrontal, cingulate,
medial prefrontal, and insular
cortices)
Negative affect
• sadness is a transient emotional state
• depression is a mood or syndrome characterized by thoughts of self-
worthlessness, excessive guilt, death and/or suicide
• depression results from a deficit in brain norepinephrine or serotonin,
or both
Punishment Pathway - Unpleasant
• Di stimulasi oleh displeasure, fear, pain, terror, even sickness
• Potent area
 central gray (yg dikelilingi oleh aqueduct Sylvius) di mesencephalon
 Periventricular Zone di Hypothalamus
 Amygdala (less potent)
• Punishment center bisa menghambat reward center
• Strong stimulation in Periventricular Zone di Hypothalamus  Inhibit
sinyal ke ventromedial nuclei  Rage Phenomenon (marah)
Fear and Anxiety
• stimulation of the amygdala elicits defensive and feelings of fear and
anxiety in humans.
• Stimulasi Amygdala  Meningkatkan Sistem saraf autonom

• Struktur Amygdala
• Lateral Nucleus  sensory input
• Central Nucleus  output cells dan terhubung ke seluruh area di otak
• Basal nucleus  feed into central nucleus
• Accesory basal nucleus  feed into central nucleus
Emotional Recognition
• (some studies) the right hemisphere plays a more important role than
the left hemisphere in comprehension of emotion
• In another condition the participants judged the emotional state from
the tone of the voice
• Comprehension of emotion from tone of voice increased the activity
of only the right prefrontal cortex
Referensi
• Guyton
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3008353/
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4449495/
• http://www.neuroanatomy.wisc.edu/coursebook/neuro5(2).pdf
• Physiology of behaviour