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Exploring Data
Chapter 4
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Learning Objectives
LO4-1 Construct and interpret a dot plot.
LO4-2 Construct and describe a stem-and-leaf display.
LO4-3 Identify and compute measures of position.
LO4-4 Construct and analyze a box plot.
LO4-5 Compute and interpret the coefficient of skewness.
LO4-6 Create and interpret a scatter diagram.
LO4-7 Develop and explain a contingency table.
4-2
LO4-5 Compute and understand
the coefficient of skewness.
Skewness
Chapter 3 introduced measures of central location (the
mean, median, and mode) and measures of dispersion
(the range and standard deviation) for a distribution of
data.
Shape is another characteristic of a distribution.
There are four shapes commonly observed:
1. symmetric,
2. positively skewed,
3. negatively skewed, and
4. bimodal.
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LO4-5
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LO4-5
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LO4-5
Skewness – An Example
Following are the earnings per share for a sample of 15
software companies for the year 2010. The earnings per
share are arranged from minimum to maximum.
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LO4-5
Skewness – An Example
Step 1 : Compute the Mean
X
X
$74.26
$4.95
n 15
s
XX
2
($0.09 $4.95)2 ... ($16.40 $4.95)2 )
$5.22
n 1 15 1
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LO4-6 Create and interpret a
scatter diagram.
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LO4-6
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LO4-7 Develop and explain
a contingency table.
Contingency Tables
What if we wish to study the relationship between two
variables when one or both are nominal or ordinal
scale? In this case we tally the results with a
contingency table.
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LO4-7
Contingency Tables
A contingency table is a cross-tabulation that
simultaneously summarizes two variables of interest.
Examples:
1. Students at a university are classified by gender and class rank.
2. A product is classified as acceptable or unacceptable and by the
shift (day, afternoon, or night) when it is manufactured.
3. A voter in a school bond referendum is classified by party affiliation
(Democrat, Republican, and other) and the number of children that
voter has attending school in the district (0, 1, 2, etc.).
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LO4-7
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LO4-7
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