Gastrointestinal Protozoal

Parasite
Presented by : Manoj Karki
 Common Gastrointestinal Protozoal
Parasite
• Giardia
• Entamoeba hystolytica
• Cryptosporodiosis
• Toxoplasmosis
• Eimeria
• Balantidium coli
 Giardia
• Giardia is an intestinal infection in human
and animal caused by protozoan parasite
Giardia duodenalis (also called G.intestinalis)
• Leeuwenhoek (1681)first observed Giardia
from his own stool.
• The anterior end is broadly rounded and
posterior end is drawn out and some what
pointed
• there are 2 anterior nucli , eight flagella
arranged in 4 pair
 How can animal get giardiasis?
• Giardia are found in soil , food , water or surface that
have been contaminated with the faeces from infected
human or animal . Infection occur after accidentely
ingesting the parasite.
• parasite usually occur in upper digestive tract of host .
• World wide distribution
• It is not a worm, bacteria or virus
Mode of transmission
 Clinical sign
• Most animal with Giardiasis show no sign of disease.

• Diarrhoea can occur , most commonly in younger

animal, soft stool , a poor hair coat , weight loss or
failure to gain weight can also be seen.

• The stool are light colored , contain mucus and may

contain undigested fat
 Pathogenesis
• A dog become infected with giardia when it
swallows the cystic stage of the parasite.
• In susceptible dogs, once the passes into the dog
intestine , it goes through a transformation to the
trophozoite, or feeding form and attached to the
intestinal wall to feed.
• if sufficient number are present , clinical sign of
damage to the intestinal wall will develop.
• Trophozoite reproduce by dividing , and some
transform into the cystic form.
 Diagnosis
• it is done by demonstration of cyst and or trophozoite
in faeces.

Treatment
• metronidazole @250mg twice daily for 5 days.
• Supportive therapy if dehydration or severe diarrhoea
is present
• Good hygiene and frequent check up help in the
control
Diarrhoea in dog Giardia spp
 Entamoeba hystolytica
• This species cause amoebic dysentery in man but
young dog, cat, mice are also highly susceptible.
• Beside , gorilla, chimpanzee, langur, spider monkey
etc … are act as reservoirs.
• E.hystolytica really affect cattle.
• World wide distribution and more common in tropical
and sub tropical region.
• Losch ( 1873)described Entamoeba hystolytica in
russia
 Transmission
• The infection is transmitted through food and water
contaminated with cyst.

• Eating and uncleaned vegetable are also cause

infection , lack of personal hygiene , contaminated of
food by flies, handling of food and water by
contaminated hand are more common mode of
transmission of E.hystolytica.
 Pathogenesis
• Disease may be acute or subacute, but chronic infection
are most common.
• The parasite penetrate the intestinal wall by lysis of
epithelium. The amoeba multiply in the forming small
colonies and then penetrate into submucosa.
• And produce ulcer .
• Amoeba are mainly found at the peripheri of ulcer and the
cavity of ulcer is filled with necrotic tissue.
• Amoebia may reach other part of the body through lymph
or blood vessels in liver it may produce inflammation and
abscess.
 Clinical signs
• In acute amoebic dyscentry , the faeces consist almost
entirely of blood and mucus with amoeba, serious
abdominal pain.
 Diagnosis and treatment
• By gross and microscopic examination of fresh
discharge faeces, clinical symptoms and various
serological test

• Cultivation of amoebia an artificial media may help

 Cryptosporidiosis
• Cryptosporidiosis is a diarrhea disease cause by
protozoa, Cryptosporidium parvam.
• this disease can affect most animal ,including human,
and usually caused mild diarrhea, but can be severe in
young or weak animal.
• this disease most affect calf and lamb because
weekened immune system ( due to lack of colostrum
feeding).
• In 1907 Tyzzer describe Cryptosporosium.
 Mode of transmission
• Contaminated water and food are most commonly
responsible for transmission.

• Cryptosporidium can survive upto 2 to 6 month in

damp environment .

• Many animal can carry cryptosporidium organism

without showing sign of illness.
 Clinical signs
• Symptom of cryptosporidiosis generally began 2 to
10 days after becoming infected with the parasite.

• Watery diarrhoea, poor appetite, and weight loss ,

emaciation

• Faeces are yellow or pale , watery and contain mucus.

 Diagnosis
• It is made by detection of oocyte in faeces of
diarrhoiec animal using concentration and staining
technique.
• Staining of faecal smear using acid fast stain (Ziehl-
Nielsen).
• Positive case will show red round oocyte against blue
green background.
 Treatment and control
• No specific treatment
• Symptomatic treatment
• calve should be feed colostrum in adequate amount
from an early age.
• Provision of dry and clean pen for calves.
• Provision of clean drinking water and hygienic food.
 Toxoplasmosis
• It is an important zoonotic protozoan parasite. The
genus is only one recognised species, toxoplasma
gondii.
• which affect nearly all warm blodded animal and
man.
• In (1909) Nicolle and Manceaux discover T.gondii .
• World wide distribution but the incidence is more in
warm, moist climate than cold, dry climate.
 Etiology

• The disease is caused by parasite known as T.gondii .

• T .gondii are found in 3 form: a)tachyzoite which are
rapidly multiplying form found in blood and body
fluid. b) cyst form which contain bradyzoites are
slowly multiplying form and found in body tissue. c)
sporulated oocyst or sporozoites which found in
faces of cat. (WHO/FAO,1979)
 Mode of transmission
• Meat and meat product
• Through cat
• Congenital infection
• Rat has been considered as carrier or transmitted of
T.gondii in cat and livestock.(dubey et.al., 1999)
Mode of transmission
 Pathogenesis
• Defenitive host (cat) are infected by ingestion of any
of 3 infective stage ( tachyzoites, bradyzoites, or
sporulated oocyst).
• After ingestion of tissue cyst by the cat , the cyst wall
is dissolve by protolytic enzyme in stomach and small
intestine(S.I) .
• The release bradyzoites penetrate the epithelial cell of
(S.I)some bradizoites penetrate the lamia propria and
multiply as tachyzoites. With in the few hour after
infection , T.gondii may spread to extraintestinal
tissue of cat via lymph and blood.
 Clinical signs
• It manly affect digestive system, reproductive system,
skeletal system, nervous system and eyes.
• In dog clinical sign are divided into four forms:
1. Generalised : intermittent fever, tonsilitis, dyspnoea,
diarrhoea, vomiting
2. Neuromuscular form: lesion in brain and spinal cord
.the sign depend upon the localization of lesion in CNS
and brain.
3. Respiratory form: may be fatal within 1 week, while
there is diarrhoea in GI (gastrointestinal )form.
4. Also cause abortion
 In human

• Most case remain asymptomatic

• There are symptom of rash, chorioretinitis, abortion
in female , child may die or born with congenital
cataract, hydrocephalus, impaired vision.( frenkel and
fried lander, 1951).
 Diagnosis and treatment
• Isolation of T.gondii . parasite can be demonstrated
from lymph fluid, placenta, cotyledons, or muscle.
• Complement fixation test (CFT)
• Enzyme linked immuno sorbent assey (ELISA)
 Treatment and control
• No satisfactory treatment. Drug like pyremethamine
and sulphonamide have been used with success.
• SDDS(diaminodiphenyl sulfone) @100mg/kg bwt for
14 days is most effective treatment
• cat should not be allowed to feed raw meat.
• Hand should be properly cleaned after handling of
raw meat through soap
• Dead fetus, foetal membrane and discharge should
not be handled through nacked hand.
 Eimeria
• Coccidiosis is a parasitic disease that can cause
severe loss in poultry and other animal.
• Coccidiosis is caused by protozoa of the phylum
apicomplexa, family Eimeridae.
• Coccidia infect various site in the intestine.
• Leeuwenhoek (1674) describe the first coccidian
oocyst of Eimeria from rabbit which was later name
Eimeria stiedae by Donbell (1922)
 Etiology
• There are 6 different Eimeria spp. That infect
chicken.
1. E.tenella
2. E. necatrix
3. E. maxima
4. E. brunetti
5. E. acervulina
6. E.mittis
 Coccidiosis…. Does not come alone

• coccidiosis goes hand in hand with other guts disease,

because it damage the gut mucosa and allows bacteria
to enter causing secondary infection.
• The parasite multiply in the intestine and cause: tissue
damage, lowered food intake , dehydration, blood
loss
• coccidian population take time to build to dangerous
level, therefore , outbreak usually occur when bird are
between 3 to 8 weeks of age.
 Life cycle
• The life cycle of Eimeria take about 4 to 7 days.
1. it begins when “oocyst” are present on the litter.
An “oocysts” is a capsule with a thick wall protecting
the parasite.
2. when moister, temperature, and oxygen become
conductive to growth , and within 2 days, they beccome
sporulated oocyte and become infected.
3. After a bird eat the sporulated oocyte, coccidia imbed
in the intestinal lining and multiply several times,
damaging tissue.
• Coccidian are parasite so they get their nutrient from
the chicken host.
4. The bird shed the oocysts in its drooping.
 Mode of transmission
• Oocyst may be transmitted by mechanical
carried(equipment , clothing, insect, farm worker)
• Each oocyst contain 4 sporocyst and each sporocyst
contain 2 sporozoites.
• In isospora oocyst develop 2 sporocyst, each
containing 4 sporozoites.
Eimeria spp Isospora spp
 Sporulated oocyst
Unsporulated oocyst
 Pathogenesis
• Eimeria necatrix and E. tenella are the most
pathogenic in chicken, because schizogony occur in
the lamina propria and crypts of small intestine and
caeca, respectively and cause extensive haemorrhage.
 Clinical signs
• In poultry: decrease feed and water consumption,
severe diarrhoea, bloody diarrhoea, decrease egg
production, high mortality
• In cattle: E.bovis is one of the commonest species
mainly affect young animal particularly calves of 3 to
6 month age.
• In dog and cat: Isospora canis commonly found in
the small intestine and also large intestine of dog .
• In rabbit: liver coccidiosis the disease cause by
E.stiedae, also called hepatic coccidiosis.
 Eimeria tenella
• Infection are found only in caeca.
• Characterized by : accumulation of blood in the caeca
 Eimeria necatrix
• Produce major lesion in the anterior and middle
portion of the small intestine
 Eimeria acervulina
• This species is most common in domestic fowl
throughout the world. It occur in the epithelial cell of
anterior portion of small intestine mainly the
duodenum of chicken.
 Eimeria brunetti
• Found in lower small intestine , rectum, caeca, and
cloaca
 Balantidium coli
• This species occur world wide in the caecum and
colon of pig, man , chimpangee, monkey and dog.
• The species cause balantidial dyscentery in man
• This speicies is most common in pig
• B.coli is the largest protozoan parasite . This species
has a trophozoite and a cystic stage.
 Pathogenesis
• In pig, B.coli live almost as commensal in the lumen
of the large intestine and usually does not penetrate
the intact intestinal mucosa.
• However if some lesion develop in the mucosa either
due to micro-organism or other reason , the ciliate
invade as secondary invaders and may be found deep
in ulcer.
• In human being ,B.coli is pathogenic. It cause
diarrhoea or dyscentery and produce almost similar to
Entamoeba hystolytica.
 Diagnosis and treatment
• It is based on the detection of the cyst in faeces or by
histological examination of intestinal lesion.
• The organism is actively motile and moves quickly
when examined under the microscopic
• It is not necessary in pig
 Reference
• www.textbookofveterinaryparasitologyB.B.Bhatia4thedicion
• www.textbookofpreventiveveterinarymedicineAmalenduchakr
abati
• www.cfsph.iastate.edu/diseaseinfo/default.htm
• CDCwebsite.giardiaathttp//www.gov./parasite/giarda
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3279851/
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Extraintestinal Protozoa
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