5 The Skeletal System

PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University

ESSENTIALS
OF HUMAN
ANATOMY
& PHYSIOLOGY
EIGHTH EDITION

ELAINE N. MARIEB

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Skeletal System
 Parts of the skeletal system
1. Bones (skeleton) 3. Ligaments
2. Joints 4. Cartilages
 Divided into two divisions
1. Axial skeleton head, neck, & trunk
2. Appendicular skeleton limbs,
pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle.

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Functions of Bones
 Support framework for body
 Protection of soft organs by skull, rib cage,
vertebrae
 Movement by attached muscles
 Storage of minerals & fats; most important
minerals are Ca+ & Phosphorus
 Blood cell formation – hematopoiesis, in
marrow

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Bones of the Human Body
 The adult skeleton has 206 bones
 Two basic types of bone tissue
1. Compact bone
 Homogeneous - dense
2. Spongy bone
 Small needle-like pieces of bone
 Many open spaces

Figure 5.2b
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Classification of Bones on the Basis of
Shape

Figure 5.1
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Classification of Bones
 Long bones
a. Typically longer than wide
b. Have a shaft with heads at both ends and a
medullary cavity
c. Contain mostly compact bone
 Examples: femur, ulna, tibia, fibula,
phalanges (fingers & toes), metacarpals
(palm)

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 Classification of Bones
 Short bones
a. Generally cube-shape
b. Contain mostly spongy bone, no cavity
 Examples: carpals (wrist), tarsals (ankle)
 Sesamoid – special type of short bone
 a. Develop within tendons
 Example: patella (kneecap)

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Classification of Bones
 Flat bones
a. Thin and flattened
b. Usually curved
c. Thin layers of compact bone around a layer of
spongy bone
 Examples: skull, ribs, sternum

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Classification of Bones
 Irregular bones
a. Irregular shape
b. Do not fit into other bone classification
categories
 Example: vertebrae, coxal (hip), scapula
c. Two or more different shapes; not
specifically long or short.

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 Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone
 Diaphysis
a. shaft
b. Composed of compact
bone
 Epiphysis
a. Ends of the bone
b. Composed mostly of
spongy bone

Figure 5.2a
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 Structures of a Long Bone
 Periosteum
a. Outside covering of
diaphysis
b. Fibrous connective tissue
membrane
 Sharpey’s fibers
a. Secure periosteum to
underlying bone
 Arteries
a. Supply bone cells with
nutrients

Figure 5.2c
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 Structures of a Long Bone
 Articular cartilage
a. Covers the external
surface of the epiphyses
b. Made of hyaline
cartilage (slippery
surface)
c. Decreases friction at
joint surfaces

Figure 5.2a
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 Structures of a Long Bone
 Medullary cavity
a. Cavity of the shaft
b. Contains yellow
marrow (stores fat) in
adults
c. Contains red marrow
(for blood cell
formation) in infants

Figure 5.2a
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 Bone Markings
 Surface features of bones
 Sites of attachments for muscles, tendons, &
ligaments
 Passages for nerves & blood vessels
 Categories of bone markings
 Projections and processes – grow out from the
bone surface
 Depressions or cavities – indentations

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 Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
 Osteon (Haversian System)
a. A unit of bone
 Central (Haversian) canal
a. Opening in the center of an osteon
b. Carries blood vessels and nerves
 Perforating (Volkman’s) canal
a. Canal perpendicular to the central canal
b. Carries blood vessels and nerves

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Microscopic Anatomy of Bone

Figure 5.3
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 Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
 Lacunae
 Cavities containing bone
cells (osteocytes)
 Arranged in concentric
rings
 Lamellae
 Rings around the central
canal
 Sites of lacunae

Detail of Figure 5.3

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 Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
 Canaliculi
 Tiny canals through
which bone cells
indirectly receive
nourishment
 Radiate from the
central canal to
lacunae
 Form a transport
system
Detail of Figure 5.3
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 Changes in the Human Skeleton
 In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline
cartilage
 During development, much of this cartilage is
replaced by bone
 Cartilage remains in isolated areas
a. Bridge of the nose
b. Parts of ribs
c. Joints

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Developmental Aspects of the Skeletal System
 At birth, the skull bones are incomplete
 Bones are joined by fibrous membranes
called fontanelles (soft spots )
 Fontanelles are completely replaced with
bone within two years after birth.

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 Bone Growth
 Epiphyseal plates allow for growth (in length) of long bone
during childhood
a. New cartilage is continuously formed
b. Older cartilage becomes ossified
 Cartilage is broken down
 Bone replaces cartilage
 Bones are remodeled and lengthened until growth stops
a. Bones change shape somewhat
b. Bones grow in width

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Long Bone Formation and Growth

Figure 5.4a
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Long Bone Formation and Growth

Figure 5.4b
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 Types of Bone Cells
 Osteocytes
a. Mature bone cells
 Osteoblasts
a. Bone-forming cells
 Osteoclasts
a. Bone-destroying cells
b. Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of
calcium (activity of osteoclasts increase when Ca+ levels
in blood drop.)
 Bone remodeling is a process by both osteoblasts and
osteoclasts.
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Repair of Bone Fractures
1. Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is formed
(Blood Clot)
2. Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a
callus
3. Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony
callus
4. Bony callus is remodeled to form a
permanent patch

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Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture

Figure 5.5
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The Axial and Appendicular Skeleton
 Axial - Forms the  Appendicular
longitudinal part of the
body 1. Limbs (appendages)

 Divided into three parts 2. Pectoral Girdle

1. Skull a. clavicle

2. Vertebral column b. scapula

3. Bony thorax (ribs, 3. Pelvic Girdle – (hips)

sternum) a. ilium
(4).Hyoid b. ischium
c. pubic

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The Axial Skeleton

Figure 5.6
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