Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Fakultas Kedokteran
Dr. H. Soekimin, SpPA
Dr. T. Ibnu Alferraly, SpPA
UNIVERSITAS ISLAM SUMATERA UTARA
2010 / 2011
Inflamasi
suatu reaksi karakteristik dari mamalia terhadap suatu agen
cedera sebagai upaya untuk
menahan,
membatasi,
Agen cedera
meng-eliminasi
menghancurkan
organik, : non-organik, :
Bakteri, Virus, dll panas, trauma, dingin,
radiasi, elektrik, dll.
Cedera yang menimbulkan Cedera yang menim-
reaksi inflamasi tanpa respon Kerusakan bulkan reaksi infla-
imun (penyebab : fisik dan kimia) Jaringan masi dengan respon
imun (penyebab : kebanyakan
agen- agen infeksi)
Degenerasi &
Nekrosis Jaringan
SHORT MICRO
DURATION Acute SIRCULATION
CHANGES
Inflammation
BEFORE Fluid Exudation +
Leucosit Emigration
IMMUNE from blood vesels to
RESPOND Injury area
FIRST STEP TO
BEFORE 18 Jhon Hunter
ELIMINATE
CAUSE OF INJURY CENTURY : ( 1728 – 1793 )
A DISEASE
Series of
reactions of
vascularized
tissue to injury
Events Overlap
and are Events are the
related
same regardless
of cause of
inflammation
Neurologic Events
• Initial Vasoconstriction
– Transatory & reflexive
– usually lasts up to 30 seconds
• Gradual Vasodilation
– Relaxation of reflexive spasm
– Causes “bleeding” to start
Hemodynamic Events
• Vasodilation
– From relaxation of reflex & chemical mediators
• Slowing of bloodflow
– Relationship of flow to diameter
• Margination of Leukocytes
– ???? Nobel prize for Medicine
• Hemostasis
• Permeability Changes
• Permeability Changes
– Mostly from inflammatory chemicals
– Occurs in capillaries & small venules
– Junctions between epithelial cells loosen
– Fluid leaks (transudate exudate)
– Leads to hemoconcentration
– Makes margination easier
Cellular Events
• Mast Cells
– Already present in connective tissue
– Damage to connective tissue leads to activation &
degranulation
– Release histamine (increases vasodilation & permeability)
– Release heparin (anticoagulant)
• Circulating Leukocytes
– Marginated cells emmigrate from vasculature
(diapedesis) – smaller first, larger later
– Monocytes Macrophages
• Arrive ~ 5h post-injury
• Remove dead tissue debris (clean up the mess)
Chemical events
• Over 180 different chemicals involved in acute inflammation
• Peningkatan permeabilitas
• Exudasi Cairan
Vasodilatasi & Statis
Perubahan pertama dalam mikrosirkulasi adalah terjadinya vaso-
konstriksi yang cepat dan signifikan, yang diikuti dengan tanda-tanda
dilatasi arteriole, kapiler-kapiler dan venule-venule yang menjelaskan
timbulnya hyperemia.
Sementara karena terjadinya kehilangan cairan dan adanya proses
eksudasi maka dapat menimbulkan keadaan stasis
Peningkatan permeabilitas.
Permeabilitas dari kapiler dan venule merupakan suatu fungsi
hubungan antar sel antara sel-sel endothelial vaskuler.
Pori-pori yang ada ini dapat dilalui oleh molekul-molekul yang kecil
( MW < 40.000 )
Meningkatnya jumlah cairan dan protein ini dapat melalui
permeabilitas abnormal dari pembuluh darah.
Peningkatan permeabilitas pada inflamasi akut muncul dalam
berbagai fase yang secara prinsip dijelaskan atas fase segera,
lambat dan tertunda.
Transudat Eksudat
- Sirosis Hepatis - Peritonitis ( bakteri )
- Obstruksi Vena Portal - Peritonitis Tuberkulosis
- Gagal Jantung kanan - Neoplasma Metastatik
- Perikarditis Konstruktif - Mesothelioma
- Meig’s Syndrome - SLE
- Kwarshiorkor
BLISTER, “Watery”, i.e., SEROUS
FIBRINOUS
PUS
=
PURULENT
ABSCESS
=
POCKET
OF
PUS
PURULENT, FIBRINOPURULENT
ULCERATIVE
> Respon Seluler
1 Tipe-tipe sel yang terlibat
• 2) SCAR
• 3)CHRONIC INFLAMMATION
Clinicians
define as recurrent Cellular Aspects
inflammation prior Leukocytes during early
to post-acute phase
completion of CD8+ (T- killer) & CD4+
Immunologists repair or (delayed
define as period resolution hypersensitivity)
when
macrophages
predominate
CHRONIC
INFLAMATION
Leads to
Easy to re-start hypertrophic scarring
Inflammation
•Additional infiltration
Clinically, must of fibroblasts
control activity •Abundance of
level & protect stimulating
injury site chemicals
Perubahan mukosa
bronchus pada
penderita Asthma
Bronchial
menunjukkan
terjadinya
Inflamasi Kronik
PHAGOCYTOSIS
• RECOGNITION
• ENGULFMENT
• KILLING
(DEGRADATION/DIGESTION)
CHRONIC INFLAMMATION
(MONOS)
MONOCYTE
LYMPHOCYTE MACROPHAGE
HISTIOCYTE
CAUSES of CHRONIC IN FLAMMATION
• 1) PERSISTENCE of Infection
• 3) AUTO-IMMUNITY
MORPHOLOGY
• INFILTRATION
• TISSUE DESTRUCTION
• HEALING
GRANULOMAS
GRANULOMATOUS INFLAMMATION
4 COMPONENTS
FIBROBLASTS
LYMPHS
HISTIOS
“GIANT” CELLS
I N F E C T I O N
Cara Transmisi
Jenis Agen
Jenis Penyakit
Yang Ditimbulkan
Klasifikasi Agen Infeksi :
• Berdasarkan Struktur
• Berdasarkan Patogenitas
• Berdasarkan Tempat untuk Multiplikasi
> Klinis
> Laboratorium : - Darah, Urin, Tinja,
Cairan Tubuh, dll
- Kultur
- Sitologi / Histopatologi
> radiologi : ?