Professional Documents
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Blowers
Training Agenda: Fans & Blowers
Introduction
Types of fans and blowers
Assessment of fans and blowers
Energy efficiency opportunities
Introduction
1. Fan components
2. System resistance
3. Fan curve
4. Operating point
5. Fan laws
Fan components
1. Drive motor (constant speed , variable speed
& multiple speed )
2. Motor pulley
3. Power transmission tool (belt , gear box &
coupling )
4. Fan pulley
5. Fan shaft
6. Lower & upper bearing (bearing assembly )
7-Fan blades or impeller with accessories
8-Structure and vibration switch or transmitter
9-Variable pitch mechanism
6
7
8
System Resistance
Actual with
system
resistance
calculated
Fan Curve
11
Operating Point
Move to flow Q2 by
closing damper
(increase system Move to flow Q2
resistance) by reducing fan
speed
12
Fan Laws
13
Types of Fans & Blowers
Types of fans
• Centrifugal
• Axial
Types of blowers
• Centrifugal
• Positive displacement
Difference between Fan & Blower
-Fans : Just air moving device
Divided to axial and centrifugal , the axial fans
low pressure and large volumes but centrifugal
sometimes high pressure , move less air but
high pressure
-Blower
When fan centrifugal is integrated with housing
and motor and air inlet in center and outlet
from the opening of the shell at edge of scroll
toward the application , the housing direct the
air (duct )
Types of Fans
Centrifugal Fans
• Rotating impeller increases air velocity
• Air speed is converted to pressure
• High pressures for harsh conditions
• High temperatures
• Moist/dirty air streams
• Disadvantages
• Not high pressure / harsh
( Canadian Blower)
service
• Difficult to adjust fan output
• Careful driver selection
• Low energy efficiency 55-65%
Types of Fans
• Advantages
• Operates with changing
static pressure
• Suited for high flow and
forced draft services
• Efficiency >85%
Axial Fans
• Work like airplane propeller:
• Blades create aerodynamic lift
• Air is pressurized
• Air moves along fan axis
• Disadvantages
• Low energy efficiency
• Noisy
Types of Fans & Blowers
• Disadvantages
• Expensive
• Moderate noise
• Low energy efficiency 65%
Types of Fans & Blowers
• Disadvantages
• Expensive
Fans layout or Draft
I. Induced draft fane
• The blades or impeller located above the tube bundles
• Advantages :
1. Better distribution of air across the bundle
2. Less possibility of hot air flow recirculating into the intake.
The hot air is discharged upward at approximately 2.5 times
the intake velocity, or about 1,500 feet per minute.
3. Better process control and stability because the plenum
covers 60% of the bundle face area, reducing the effects of
sun, rain, and hall.
4. Increased capacity in the fan-off or fan failure condition, since
the natural draft stack effect is much greater.
I. Induced draft fane
• Disadvantages :
1. Possibly higher horsepower requirements if the air flow is very
hot.
2. Air flow temperature should be limited to 220°F to prevent
damage to fan blades, bearings, or other mechanical
equipment in the hot air stream. When the process inlet
temperature exceeds 350°F, forced draft design should be
considered because high effluent air temperatures may occur
during fan-off or low air flow operation.
3. Fans are less accessible for maintenance, and maintenance
may have to be done in the hot air generated by natural
convection.
4. Plenums must be removed to replace bundles.
II- Forced Draft :
• The blades or impeller located below the tube bundle
• Advantages :
I. Possibly lower horsepower requirements if the effluent air is
very hot. (Horsepower varies inversely with the absolute
temperature.)
II. Better accessibility of fans and upper bearings for
maintenance.
III. Better accessibility of bundles for replacement.
IV. Accommodates higher process inlet temperatures
II- Forced Draft :
• Disadvantages
I. Less uniform distribution of air over the bundle.
II. Increased possibility of hot air recirculation, resulting from low
discharge velocity from the bundles, high intake velocity to the
fan ring, and no stack.
III. Low natural draft capability on fan failure.
IV. Complete exposure of the finned tubes to sun, rain, and hail,
which results in poor process control and stability.
AIR
COOLERS
Blowers
• Difference with fans
• Much higher pressures <1.20 kg/cm2
• Used to produce negative pressures for
industrial vacuum systems
• Types
• Centrifugal blower
• Positive displacement
Types of Blowers
Centrifugal Blowers
• Gear-driven impeller
that accelerates air
• Single and multi-stage
blowers
• Operate at 0.35-0.70
kg/cm2 pressure
• Airflow drops if system
pressure rises
Types of Blowers
• Fan efficiency:
• Ratio of the power conveyed to air stream
and power delivered by the motor to the fan
• Depends on type of fan and impeller
Radial
Airfoil, Backward 79-83
curved/inclined
• Ensure that
• Fan is operating at rated speed
• Operations are at stable condition
Assessment of fans and blowers
37
© UNEP 2006
Assessment of fans and blowers
Difficulties in Performance
Assessment
• Non-availability of fan specification
data
• Difficulty in velocity measurement
• Improper calibration of instruments
• Variation of process parameters
during tests
Training Agenda: Fans & Blowers
Introduction
Types of fans and blowers
Assessment of fans and blowers
Energy efficiency opportunities
Energy Efficiency Opportunities
40
Energy Efficiency Opportunities
• Check periodically
• Check after system
modifications
• Reduce where
possible
Energy Efficiency Opportunities
• Disadvantages
• Limited adjustment
• Reduce flow but not energy consumption
• Higher operating and maintenance costs
Energy Efficiency Opportunities
• Advantages
• Improve efficiency: reduced load and airflow
• Cost effective at 80-100% of full air flow
• Disadvantage
• Less efficient at <80% of full air flow
Energy Efficiency Opportunities
• Disadvantages
• Applicable to axial fans only
• Risk of fouling problems
• Reduced efficiency at low loads
Energy Efficiency Opportunities
• Advantages
• Most improved and efficient speed control
• Speed adjustments over continuous range
• Disadvantages
• Need to jump from speed to speed
• High investment costs
Energy Efficiency Opportunities
• Disadvantages
• Feasible in some applications only
Energy Efficiency Opportunities
• Disadvantages
• Only suited for low resistance system
Energy Efficiency Opportunities
• Disadvantages
• Not suited for low resistance systems
Energy Efficiency Opportunities
61
Belt material
To ensure adherence with pulley groove
To reduce the belt tension
Rubber , neoprene , urethane , similar synesthetic
material
62
Belt components
Protective cover
Insulation section
Tension members
Compression section
63
Types
Flat belt : leather material , economic
V-belts : more advance ( speed , torque ,
adherence )
Synchronous belt (timing belt , positive belt ) :
more precision and no slippage
V-belt classifications
Light duty /fractional horsepower v-belt
V-belt classifications
Classical v-belt : heavy duty
V-belt classifications
Deep wedge groove /narrow v-belt :compact
design and high speed capability
V-belt classifications
Cogged /raw-edge v-belt : features of both
classical and narrow configuration
I. Used in heavy trucks and bused because of
longer life and reduced bending stress
II. Cut notches to increase the contact are and
adherence and reduce slippage
V-belt classifications
Banded belt : for vertically mounted applications
I. Guide the belt inside pulley in a straight line
II. Assure lateral rigidity
III. Used in shock loads drives to avoid jump off or
roll out
V-belt classifications
V-ribbed /poly v-belt
I. Combination of flat and v-shaped
II. More stability than flat
III. Power transmission is higher
IV. Use in diesel engines (multi pulley drive)
V. More flexibility and high effective contact area
Standard trapezoidal synchronous
Timing belts or positive belts STS
I. Smooth engaged teeth with pulley , high speed
II. No slippage
III. Different from cogged
IV. Precision applications (machine tools , robots )
V. Suitable for back lash
High torque drive or belt HTD
Curvilinear synchronous belt HTB
I. Round shape
II. High torque and low speed
III. Reduce jump off or slippage
IV. Less tooth wear due to friction
Belt length
Pulley or sheaves material
Gray /cast iron
Ductile iron
Sintered metal
74
Pulley or sheaves types
B (block) : diameter 0-6 inch
W (web ) : 6-14 inch
A (arm ) : over 14 inch
75
Bushings types
TL (taper lock ) :
used when excessive torque to avoid QD bolts
subjected to shear forces
QD (quick disconnect ) : quick maintenance
STB ( split taper bushing ) :more rigidity , dual
key
76
77
78
79
80
Belts problems
81
82
Belts equivalent
83
84
85
Tools and spares
86
Maintenance
3 monthly preventive maintenance
I. Clean blades
II. Grease the bearing upper and lower
III. Check belt tension
IV. Check pulley alignment
Annual preventive
I. Apply 3 M
II. Adjust the blade angel
III. Check pulley alignment and belt condition
Fans & Blowers
THANK YOU