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Ybus Formation For Load Flow Studies
Ybus Formation For Load Flow Studies
Load flow study in power system is the steady state solution of power
system network.
The information obtained from load flow solution is used for the
continuous monitoring of current state of the system and for analyzing the
effectiveness of future system expansion to meet increased load demand.
The main objective of the load flow is to find the voltage magnitude of each
bus and its angle when the powers generated and loads are specified.
INTRODUCTION
Load flow studies can be used to obtain the voltage magnitudes and angles
at each bus in the steady state.
Once the bus voltage magnitudes and their angles are computed using the
load flow, the real and reactive power flow through each line can be
computed.
This project deals with Ybus formation using different methods for load
flow analysis.
Formation of Ybus plays a vital role in solving any load flow problem.
Ybus matrix is sparse matrix that is why it is preferred over Z matrix for
x1=x0+∆x0
or, in general form of x (r+1)th iteration
x(r+1) =x(r) +∆x(r)
Iterations are continued till Eq is satisfied to any desired accuracy,
i.e,
fi(x(r)) <ε (A specified value);
fip=Pi (specified)-Pi(calculated)=∆Pi
fiQ=Q(specified)-Qi(calculated)=∆Qi
•Where ∆P and ∆Q are the real and reactive power mismatch at each bus. j is the
jacobian matrix, j represents the sensitivity measurement of the real and reactive
power with respect to the bus voltage angle and magnitude.
Bus type Number of Qualities Number of Number of δi
buses specified available |Vi| state
equations variables
Slack 1 δi , |Vi| 0 0
i=1
The reactive power Qi injected into any bus i of the system during
normal operation is much less than the reactive power which would
flow if all lines from that bus were short-circuited to reference.
That is
After simplifying:
THE SOLUTION STRATEGY
Calculate the initial mismatch P
Solve for
Update the angles and use them to calculate mismatch
Solve for and update the magnitude ,and
Repeat the iteration until all mismatches are within
specified tolerances.
•Primitive network is defined as representation of network
in the form of impedance or admittance.
SYSTEM SIZE Time Increases linearly Size hardly matters convergence is sure in 5 to 6
iterations
TYPE OF SYSTEM System may or may not Sure to converge No convergence problem
converge
Ybus FORMATION 14 BUS
% | From | To | R | X | B/2 |
% | Bus | Bus | pu | pu | pu |
linedata = [1 2 0.01938 0.05917 0.0264
1 5 0.05403 0.22304 0.0246
2 3 0.04699 0.19797 0.0219
2 4 0.05811 0.17632 0.0170
2 5 0.05695 0.17388 0.0173
3 4 0.06701 0.17103 0.0064
4 5 0.01335 0.04211 0.0
4 7 0.0 0.20912 0.0
4 9 0.0 0.55618 0.0
5 6 0.0 0.25202 0.0
6 11 0.09498 0.19890 0.0
6 12 0.12291 0.25581 0.0
6 13 0.06615 0.13027 0.0
7 8 0.0 0.17615 0.0
7 9 0.0 0.11001 0.0
9 10 0.03181 0.08450 0.0
9 14 0.12711 0.27038 0.0
10 11 0.08205 0.19207 0.0
12 13 0.22092 0.19988 0.0
13 14 0.17093 0.34802 0.0 ];
fb = linedata(:,1); % From bus number...
tb = linedata(:,2); % To bus number...
r = linedata(:,3); % Resistance, R...
x = linedata(:,4); % Reactance, X...
b = linedata(:,5); % Ground Admittance, B/2...
z = r + i*x; % Z matrix...
y = 1./z; % To get inverse of each element...
nbus = max(max(fb),max(tb)); % no. of buses...
nbranch = length(fb); % no. of branches...
ybus = zeros(nbus,nbus); % Initialise YBus...
% Formation of Off Diagonal Elements...
for k=1:nbranch
ybus(fb(k),tb(k)) = -y(k);
ybus(tb(k),fb(k)) = ybus(fb(k),tb(k));
end
% Formation of Diagonal Elements....
for m=1:nbus
for n=1:nbranch
if fb(n) == m | tb(n) == m
ybus(m,m) = ybus(m,m) + y(n) + b(n);
end
end
end
ybus
OUTPUT
ybus =
Columns 1 through 6
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 + 4.7819i 0 0 + 1.7980i 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 -1.9550 + 4.0941i -1.5260 + 3.1760i
0 -19.5490i 0 + 5.6770i 0 + 9.0901i 0 0 0
0 + 5.6770i 0 - 5.6770i 0 0 0 0
0 + 9.0901i 0 5.3261 -24.2825i -3.9020 +10.3654i 0 0
0 0 -3.9020 +10.3654i 5.7829 -14.7683i -1.8809 + 4.4029i 0
0 0 0 -1.8809 + 4.4029i 3.8359 - 8.4970i 0
0 0 0 0 0 4.0150 - 5.4279i
0 0 0 0 0 -2.4890 + 2.2520i
0 0 -1.4240 + 3.0291i 0 0 0
Columns 13 through 14
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
-3.0989 + 6.1028i 0
0 0
0 0
0 -1.4240 + 3.0291i
0 0
0 0
-2.4890 + 2.2520i 0
6.7249 -10.6697i -1.1370 + 2.3150i
-1.1370 + 2.3150i 2.5610 - 5.3440i
YBUS formation using singular transformation
ydata=[1 1 2 1/(0.05+j*0.15) 0 0
2 1 3 1/(0.1+j*0.3) 0 0
3 2 3 1/(0.15+j*0.45) 0 0
4 2 4 1/(0.10+j*0.30) 0 0
5 3 4 1/(0.05+j*0.15) 0 0];
elements=max(ydata(:,1))
yprimitive=zeros(elements,elements)
for i=1:elements,yprimitive(i,i)=ydata(i,4)
if(ydata(i,5)~=0)
j=ydata(i,5)
ymutual=ydata(i,6)
yprimitive(i,j) =ymutual
end
end
buses=max(max(ydata(2,:)),max(ydata(3,:)))
A=zeros(elements,buses);
for i=1:elements,
if(ydata(i,2)~=0)
A(i,ydata(i,2))=1
end
if ydata(i,3)~=0
A(i,ydata(i,3))=-1
end
end
YBUS=A'*yprimitive*A
elements = 5
yprimitive =
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
yprimitive =
2.0000 - 6.0000i 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
yprimitive =
2.0000 - 6.0000i 0 0 0 0
0 1.0000 - 3.0000i 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
yprimitive =
2.0000 - 6.0000i 0 0 0 0
0 1.0000 - 3.0000i 0 0 0
0 0 0.6667 - 2.0000i 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
yprimitive =
2.0000 - 6.0000i 0 0 0 0
0 1.0000 - 3.0000i 0 0 0
0 0 0.6667 - 2.0000i 0 0
0 0 0 1.0000 - 3.0000i 0
0 0 0 0 0
yprimitive =
2.0000 - 6.0000i 0 0 0 0
0 1.0000 - 3.0000i 0 0 0
0 0 0.6667 - 2.0000i 0 0
0 0 0 1.0000 - 3.0000i 0
0 0 0 0 2.0000 - 6.0000i
buses =
1.0000 - 3.0000i
A=
1
0
0
0
0
A=
1 -1
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
A=
1 -1
1 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
A=
1 -1 0
1 0 -1
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
A=
1 -1 0
1 0 -1
0 1 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
A=
1 -1 0
1 0 -1
0 1 -1
0 0 0
0 0 0
A=
1 -1 0
1 0 -1
0 1 -1
0 1 0
0 0 0
A=
1 -1 0 0
1 0 -1 0
0 1 -1 0
0 1 0 -1
0 0 0 0
A=
1 -1 0 0
1 0 -1 0
0 1 -1 0
0 1 0 -1
0 0 1 0
A=
1 -1 0 0
1 0 -1 0
0 1 -1 0
0 1 0 -1
0 0 1 -1
YBUS =
The Ybus matrix forms the network models for load flow
studies.
PAPERS:
Tinney,W.F., and C.E.Hart, ‘Power flow Solution By Newton’s Method’, IEEE
Trans., November 1967,No.11, PAS-86:1449
Stott, B.,’ Decoupled Newton Load Flow’, IEEE Trans., 1972, PAS-91,1955
Stott, B., ‘ Review of Load Flow Calculation Method’, Proc. IEEE, July1974, PAS-
93
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