SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

(PETROGRAPHY)

Oky Sugarbo, ST., M.Eng.

Referensi
 Petrography
Petrology is • Origin (how did the rock form) of the rock.
the study of • Genesis (after forming how did the rock change through time) of
the rock.
the:

Petrology is • Description of the rock.

• Analysis of the rock.
done • Classification of the rock.
• Where they occur.
through the: • Theories of their origin.

• Description of the rock.

Petrography • Analysis of the rock.
• Classification of the rock.
is done • Where they occur.
through the: • Theories of their origin; by thin-section examination method
(microscopy polarisation tool)

4
Batuan Sedimen

Tipe

Proses

Klasifikasi

Aplikasi

Zhangye Danxia landform, China

Sedimentary rocks are rocks which are formed by the “turning to stone” of sediments
and that sediments, in turn, are formed by the breakdown of yet-older rocks (Huton
1875).

Menurut Tucker (1991), 70 % batuan di permukaan bumi berupa batuan sedimen.

Tetapi batuan itu hanya 2 % dari volume seluruh kerak bumi. Ini berarti batuan
sedimen tersebar sangat luas di permukaan bumi, tetapi ketebalannya relatif tipis.
1. Grains

2. Matrix
mud-sized sediment between the
grains. May be primary (deposited at
same time or soon after grains), or
secondary (formed by diagenetic
alteration of grains.

3. cement
chemical precipitates in pore spaces

4. pore space
primary or secondary
 framework grains
Framework Grains
major minerals MATRIX
matrix FRAMEWORK
GRAINS
quartz
feldspar
clay minerals
cement

accessory minerals CEMENT

mafic, heavy minerals

stable, non opaque, Z, R, T, rare element

rock fragments
igneous (IRF & VRF)
sedimentary (SRF)
metamorphic (MRF)

chemical cements
silicate, carbonate, iron oxide, sulfate
Major minerals Quartz structure varies with origin:
quartz
Si O2 Monocrystalline quartz is igneous
Polycrystalline quartz is metamorphic

framework silicate

Single-crystal grains = monocrystalline ( in igneous rocks)

Major minerals Quartz structure varies with origin:
quartz
Si O2 Monocrystalline quartz is igneous
Polycrystalline quartz is metamorphic

framework silicate

Multiple interlocking quartz grains =

polycrystalline (in metamorphic rocks)
One crystal in the grain
Two or more crystals in the grain
 Major minerals
plagioclase
feldspar

Orthoclase KAlSi3O8
Plagioclase NaAlSi3O8 - CaAl2Si2O8
framework silicate

Plagioclase Orthoclase
Petrography – thin sections

• Quartz, orthoclase feldspar and plagioclase feldspar are main minerals.

• Feldspar shows the alteration.
• Mica and calcite are common as accessory minerals.
• Grain boundaries and fractures on quartz and feldspar reveals evidence of
intense weathering.
• Q, Quartz, F, Feldspar, C, Calcite, M, Mica, B, Biotite.
 Major minerals
Mica and Clay minerals

Most clay minerals are too small

to identify without x-ray difraction
Sheet silicate

“Sheety” Cleavage
Cleavage
of Mica

Chip Clark
mica
Examples: kaolinite, illite, chlorite
Accessory minerals (1-2%)
mafic, heavy minerals
stable, non opaque, Z,R,Ts

Mafic = magnesium (mg2+) and iron (fe3+) = dark black/green in color

examples = hornblende, amphibole, magnetite

Heavy minerals = mineral density > 2.9 gm/cm3 garnet

stable, non opaque, Z,R,Ts

Z = zircon
R = rutile
T = tourmaline
Last to chemically weather

quartz hornblende
rock fragments
igneous (IRF & VRF))
sedimentary (SRF)
metamorphic (MRF)

Pieces of ancient source rocks that were NOT physically or

chemically weathered

Rock fragments make up 15-

20% of framework grains in
sandstones; are most common
in gravel-sized particles of
conglomerates;
are rare in shales.
Volcanic lithic grain (Lv) - This grain, seen under plain light, is nicely rounded and internally
you can see many, euhedral (i.e. with sharp angular crystal faces) microphenocrysts of
plagioclase (note the twinning on these euhedral grains). This is a classic Lv grain, probably
from a volcanic arc.
 framework grains
Chemical cements
MATRIX
matrix FRAMEWORK
silicate, carbonate, iron oxide, sulfate GRAINS

Cements are precipitated from

solutes (cations, anions, and cement
complex molecules that are
CEMENT
produced during chemical
weathering.

silicate cement – chert, opal, feldspar, zeolites

carbonate – calcite, dolomite (mg), siderite (fe)

iron oxide – hematite, limonite, geothite

sulfate – anhydrite, gypsum, barite

UKURAN BUTIR
http://www.eos.ubc.ca/courses/eosc221/sed/sili/siligsize.html#size
 Detrital Sediments & Sedimentary Rocks

gravel
• gravity flows
&
• fluid flows
conglomerate

sand
• fluid flows
&
• gravity flows
sandstone

• suspension &
flocculation clay, silt
• gravity flows &
mudstone
Sorting - Well-sorted sediment indicates prolonged reworking by wind
or water; poorly sorted sediment may indicate rapid deposition, or
deposition by ice or mass movement.
Sorting
• Sorting is another important way to
distinguish the different types of sandstones
and reflects the maturity of the rock.
• Mature sandstones are well sorted and
contain few variations of mineral
composition.
• Immature sandstones are not well sorted
and contain a variety of minerals.
MORFOLOGI BUTIR : SHAPE
MORFOLOGI BUTIR : SPHERICITY
Angularity/Roundness/Shape – Well rounded sediment also indicate
prolonged reworking by transporting agent; the shape of grains often indicates the
transport system, but also may be related to the type of mineral or rock fragment
Angularity/Roundness/Shape
• Gravel-sized clastics are classified by the angularity /
roundness /shape of the mineral grains.
• Rounded particles reveal that the particles have been
exposed to rounding agents such as moving water.
• Angular particles suggest that the fragments are close
to their source, are immature, and have not been
exposed to rounding agents.
Maturity
Maturity
Maturity
Mineral stability can also be shown using Bowen’s Reaction series:

The earliest minerals to crystallize are the least stable.

Quartz is the most stable of the common mineral; it resists chemcial
weathering and is the most common mineral in most sedimentary
rocks.
Potassium feldspar is
also common but
Muscovite is relatively
soft and breaks down
during transport.

The stability of rock

fragments varies with
their mineralogy.
The most “mature” sediment would be made up of 100% quartz
grains.

With increased transport and number of times through the rock cycle
the less stable minerals are lost.

The “average” igneous and metamorphic rocks contain 60%

feldspars.
The “average” sandstone contains 12% feldspars.

This reflects the fact that many sandstones are made up of particles
that have been through several passes of the rock cycle.
Dott, 1964
Dott, 1964
KEMAS / FABRIC
Petrography of siliciclastic
sedimentary rocks:
POROSITY
 Comparison of Compositions of Clastic
and Carbonate Rocks
Clastic Rocks Carbonate Rocks

Fossils
Sand Quartz Allochemical Pelloids
Feldspar Grains Oolites
Grains Intractlasts
Rock Fragments

Average Average
Sandstone Sparry
Average Limestone
Mudrock Average
(Shale) Micritic
Limestone

Clay Chemical Microcrystalline Chemical

Matrix Cement Matrix Cement
Calcite Calcite
Illite Quartz
Kaolinite Calcite
Smectite Hematite
 FOUR COMPONENTS OF SANDSTONE
Geologist’s Classification

1. Framework Note different use of “matrix”

2. Matrix Engineering
“matrix” by geologists and engineers
3. Cement
4. Pores

PORE
FRAMEWORK
CEMENT (QUARTZ) MATRIX

FRAMEWORK
(FELDSPAR)

0.25 mm
Terms :
porosity- pore space between grains
permeability- measure of how connected these pores are with one another
both are a function of grain size, grain shape, and any cements

examples : detrital or clastic rocks have very good porosity and permeability
limestones, igneous and metamorphic rocks have poorer porosity
and permeability

Permeability: sandstones have greater permeability than other lithologies

Test: pour water on sandstone, shale and siltstone-watch result….

Definition: aquifer/ reservoar=a permeable layer transporting groundwater

The best aquifers / reservoar are well sorted, well rounded sands and gravels
Porosity :
• Primary (formed during deposition)
• Secondary (diagenetic): formed by dissolution of framework grains,
cement or matrix, fracturing
• Total porosity – percentage of all pore space in a rock
• Effective porosity excludes isolated pores and pore volume occupied by
water adsorbed on clay minerals or other grains
• Decreases with increasing depth of burial

Permeability:
• ability of a sandstone to transmit fluids
 Porosity and Permeability
 What is meant by the terms porosity and
permeability?
Porosity: Amount of pore space between grains:
Porosity = Volume of pore space x 100%
Total volume of rock
 Porosity

Vp
Vp

V
V  Vp  Vr
Vr

Usually = 0.05 – 0.40

 POROSITY DEFINITION

Porosity: The fraction of a rock

that is occupied by pores
• Porosity is an intensive property describing the fluid storage
capacity of rock

Vb  Vma Vp
Porosity    
Vb Vb
 Pore Volume
Porosity 
Bulk Volume

Bulk Volume  Matrix Volume


Bulk Volume

8 r3  4 / 3  r3 
  1  47.6%
8r 3
2 3 
 PORE-SPACE CLASSIFICATION

Total Pore Volume

• Total porosity, t =
Bulk Volume

Interconnected Pore Space

• Effective porosity, e =
Bulk Volume
Direction of fluid flow
• Effective porosity – of great importance;
contains the mobile fluid

Non-interconnected
Pore spaces
Dead-end
pores
Permeability= measure of how connected pores are…sands are more
permeable than shales.
CONTROLS ON POROSITY

Packing - how grains or clasts are packed together.

Sorting - particle size distribution.

Clast porosity - porosity within clasts or fragments.

Fracturing porosity - secondary porosity added by stress and

deformation.

Solution porosity - secondary porosity added by solid-fluid

interaction.

Primary porosity is often destroyed. Geological processes (e.g.,

cementation, compression/extension, consolidation, burial),
continuously change effective reservoir porosity through time. The
origin of porosity is often complex. Geological history determines
porosity.
 FACTORS THAT AFFECT POROSITY

PRIMARY
• Particle sphericity and angularity
• Packing
• Sorting (variable grain sizes)
SECONDARY (diagenetic)
• Cementing materials
• Overburden stress (compaction)
• Vugs, dissolution, and fractures
 GRAIN PACKING IN SANDSTONE
Line of Traverse
(using microscope) 4 Types of Grain Contacts

Packing Proximity
Tangential Contact A measure of the extent to
which sedimentary particles
are in contact with their
Sutured Contact neighbors
Long Contact Packing Density
Cement
A measure of the extent to
which sedimentary particles
occupy the rock volume
Matrix
Concavo-Convex
(clays, etc.)
Contact

This Example
Packing Proximity = 40%
Packing Density = 0.8
(modified from Blatt, 1982)
 Grain contacts

• point, concavo convex, sutured contacts, free

floating
CUBIC PACKING OF SPHERES
Porosity = 48%
RHOMBIC PACKING OF SPHERES
Porosity = 27 %
Packing of Two Sizes of Spheres
Porosity = 14%
 Grain-Size Sorting in Sandstone

Very Well Well Moderately Poorly Very Poorly

Sorted Sorted Sorted Sorted Sorted

SORTING
TYPES OF TEXTURAL CHANGES SENSED
BY THE NAKED EYE AS BEDDING
Sand
Shale Slow Current
Fast Current
Change of Composition Change of Size
River
Eolian
Beach
Fluvial
Change of Shape Change of Orientation

Change of Packing
Effect of sorting on porosity

Well sorted :  = 32%

Poorly sorted :  = 17%

Grains of two sizes :  = 12.5%

 Poor sorting results in reduction in porosity ()

 Permeability:
• Definition: The ability of a liquid to
pass through a rock.
• Permeable = water can pass
through, varies from high to low.
• Impermeable = water cannot pass
through.
• The larger the pore spaces the more
permeable the rock will be
especially if the pore spaces are well
connected.
• A moderately porous rock may not
necessarily be permeable, as the
pore spaces may not be connected.
• E. g. shale has a porosity of 18%
similar to sandstone but clay
minerals hold onto the water and so
it is impermeable.
Permeability Permeability

Permeability k [D, mD]

- ‘capacity of rock to transmit fluid’
- function of open space and its interconnection
- depends on properties of rock formation
 Post Depositional Changes:

• These can affect porosity and permeability:

1. Faulting increases the permeability
2. Jointing increases the permeability
3. Cementation decreases permeability
4. Metamorphism will crystallise the rock and reduce the
porosity.
 Porosity <> Permeability

• pores
– size
– number
– unconnected
– open
– cement
PERMEABILITY
Permeability

cement > unconnected

 Oil or gas reservoir

Limestone reservoir Sandstone reservoir

 Petrographic Classification of Sandstones

Most sandstone classifications are based on the composition of the rock.

It is based on the relative proportions of:

Martrix (fine-grained - <0.03mm - material that is associated with the sand grains).

Quartz

Feldspar

Rock fragments (sand grains that are made up crystals of two or more different minerals).
To classify sandstones the first step is to determine composition of the
rock.
Point counting is a method whereby a thin section on a petrographic
microscope is examined by stepping across the thin section at equal
intervals and identifying the material (quartz, feldspars, rock fragments
or matrix) that lies immediately beneath the cross hairs. Counting 250
to 300 grains will accurately yield the proportion of each component.
 KLASIFIKASI
 Berdasarkan proses dominan yang mempengaruhi:
Sedimen Klastika terrigen (silisiklastika atau
epiklastika); Sedimen biogen, biokimia dan organik;
Sedimen kimiawi dan Sedimen volkaniklastika.

Sedimen Sedimen Sedimen Sedimen

klastika biogen, kimiawi volkaniklastika
terrigen biokimia &
organik

Konglomerat/ Batugamping, Sedimen Ignimbrit,

breksi, rijang, fosfat, evaporit dan aglomerat, tuf
batupasir dan batubara dan “ironstone”
mudrocks “oil shale”
 Berdasarkan tekstur: Tekstur Klastika dan Tekstur
Non-Klastika.
 Tekstur Klastika: umumnya terdiri dari mineral
allogenik, berlaku sekala Wentworth, besar butir
ditentukan oleh (jenis pelapukan, macam
transportasi, waktu/jarak transportasi), 3 unsur
tekstur (butiran, matrik, semen), sorting/pemilahan,
rounding/kebundaran.
 Tekstur Non-Klastika: umumnya terdiri dari
mineral autigenik, umumnya memperlihatkan
gejala diagenesa pada P&T tertentu (porositas
menjadi rendah/hilang), dicirikan oleh porositas
rendah dan ditandai tekstur mozaik, besar butir
(5 mm kasar; 1 mm  5 mm sedang;  1
mm halus), mikrokristalin (sulit dibedakan).
 Pengaruh diagenesa: ada rekristalisasi; tidak
ada perubahan mineral; butiran bertambah besar
berupa mozaik (porositas mengecil/hilang); bila
ada replacement umumnya tidak memperbesar
besar butir malahan memperkecil/ memperhalus.

 Pengaruh pelarutan: menambah porositas

(muncul pori-pori baru); membentuk tekstur khas
(stylolitik) batas-batas mineral sangat bergerigi/
tidak beraturan.
 BATUPASIR

Bahan penyusun utama :

• Kuarsa/silika (kuarsa, opal & kalsedon)

• Felspar (K-felspar & plagioklas)
• Fragmen batuan

Bahan penyusun tambahan :

• Mineral berat (Zirkon, Turmalin)

• Mineral ringan lainnya (karbonat: kalsit, dolomit,
siderit; mineral lempung: kaolin, montmorilonit,
zeolit; glaukonit, serisit, klorit).
• Kolofan (Collophane): mineral fosfat.
Sand and sandstone classification: based on quartz, feldspar and lithic grain
contributions (Pettijohn at al., 1987).
Petrographic Sandstone
Classification

Folk, 1974
McBride, 1963
Sandstone (note large number of quartz grains)
Grains subangular to subrounded, sandstone is poorly sorted

Plagioclase grain

Photomicrograph of quartz rich sandstone (Arenite)

Batupasir yang lain:
•Green sand: batupasir banyak mengandung glaukonit.

•Phosphatic sandstone: batupasir banyak mengandung

mineral fosfat.

•Calcarenaceous sandstone: batupasir yang tersusun oleh

detrital kuarsa dan karbonat (dalam bentuk pecahan
cangkang atau oolit).

•Calcareous sandstone: batupasir dimana karbonat

berfungsi sebagai semen.

•Calclithites: batupasir dimana komponen litik berasal dari

rombakan batuan karbonat.

•Ilacolumite: Batupasir banyak mengandung sekis (Fig. 7-

32, hal. 247, Pettijohn, 1975).
Non-Terrigenous Sediments and
Rocks

Petrography of Carbonate Rocks:

Carbonate Particles
Most Common non-Terrigenous
Sedimentary Rocks
• Carbonates (>50% primary carbonate minerals)
• Limestone (CaCO3)
• Chemical
• biochemical
• Dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2)
• Chemical

Batuan karbonat disebut sebagai Batugamping apabila

penyusun utamanya terdiri dari kalsit >90% dan dolomit jika
teridiri dari dolomit > 90 persen (Boggs,1987).
 The Origin of
Carbonate Sediments
• Most form as biogenic particles (essentially the only source) in
• warm (tropical; 30oN to 30oS latitude),
• shallow (shelf; within the photic zone), (mostly <10-20 m)
• marine water
• Also accumulate in deepwater
limestone (fine-grained) made up of skeletons of pelagic microorganisms such as Globigerina
Controls on Carbonate Accumulation
• Temperature (climate) -Tropics & temperate regions
favor carbonate production: true of ancient too!
• Light – Photosynthesis drives carbonate production
• Pressure – “CCD” dissolution increases with depth
• Agitation of waves - Oxygen source & remove CO2
• Sea Level – fluctuating change many condition
 Carbonate Rocks Constituents
• Allochems
Non skeletal – Skeletal grain
• Micrite
• Micro Crystalline calcite
• Cement (sparry calcite)
KOMPONEN UTAMA BATUAN KARBONAT
Allochem (Grain)
Allochem merupakan komponen batuan karbonat berupa
partikel/butiran yang berukuran lebih dari atau sama dengan pasir.
Macam-macam grain (Allochem) adalah:

Non Skeletal Grain

Merupakan grain atau butiran dalam batuan karbonat yang bukan
berasal dari cangkang atau rangka organisme karbonatan. Macam-
macam non skeletal grain antara lain:
· Intraclast & Extraclast
· Ooid/oolith/coated grain
· Pisoid/pisolit
· Pelloid/pellet

Skeletal Grain
Skeletal grain merupakan fragmen karbonat yang berasal dari
bagian keras oraganisme/cangkang/tubuh organisme.
Komponen
Carbonate Rocks Constituents
• The sand-sized grains that occur in carbonate rocks are called
allochemical particles or allochems.
1. Intraclasts (rock fragments):
• formed, transported and redeposited within the basin
2. Skeletal particles (bioclasts):
• whole microfossils, whole megafossils, broken shell fragments
• algae, forams, corals, bryozoans, brachiopods, gastropods, pelecypods,
ostracods, etc.
3. Ooliths: concentrically laminated carbonate structures, including:
• oolites -concentrically laminated structures less than 2mm in diameter,
thought to be abiogenic in origin
• pisolites - same as oolites, but greater than 2mm in diameter
• oncolites - spheroidal stromatolites (> 1-2 cm)
4. Peloids:
• silt to fine grained sand sized carbonate particles with no distinctive
internal structure; most thought to be fecal pellets
KOMPONEN (GRAIN)
KOMPONEN (GRAIN)
Carbonate Rocks Constituents
• The sand-sized grains that occur in carbonate
rocks are called allochemical particles or
allochems.
• Intraclasts (early lithified carbonate fragments):
• irregularly-shaped grains that form by syndepositional erosion of partially
lithified sediment.
Extraclasts
Extraclasts
Extraclasts
 Carbonate Rocks Constituents
• The sand-sized grains that occur in carbonate rocks are
called allochemical particles or allochems.
• Skeletal particles (bioclasts):
• whole microfossils, whole megafossils, broken shell fragments
• algae, forams, corals, bryozoans, brachiopods, gastropods, pelecypods,
ostracods, etc.
• Standard microfacies (fossil fragment type -> environment)
Foraminifera
 After Scholle
Foraminifera
Brachiopods
Bryozoan

GEOL 325 Lecture 4: Carbonates

Bryozoan
 Trilobite Remains

Ostracod Remains Calcispheres

Red Calcareous Algae
 Carbonate Rocks Constituents
• The sand-sized grains that occur in
carbonate rocks are called
allochemical particles or allochems.
• Ooliths: concentrically laminated carbonate
structures, including:
• oolites -concentrically laminated
structures,less than 2 mm in diameter,
thought to be abiogenic in origin
• pisolites - same as oolites, but greater
than 2 mm in diameter
• oncolites - spheroidal stromatolites (>
1-2 cm)
Ooids
Aragonitic Ooids
Aragonitic Ooids
After Scholle, 2003
Calcitic &
Aragonitic
Ooids
Great
Salt
Lake
After Scholle
 Carbonate Rocks Constituents
• The sand-sized grains that occur in carbonate rocks are called
allochemical particles or allochems.

• Pelloids:
• silt to fine grained sand sized
carbonate particles with no
distinctive internal structure; most
thought to be fecal pellets
Pellets
Lime Mud or Micrite
Carbonate Rocks Constituents
• Micrite:
• microcrystalline
carbonate particles of
clay (<1-4 micron) size
(subtranslucent matrix)
formed by
• chemical or biochemical
ppt
• abrasion of allochems
• implies deposition in a
low energy
environment just like in
terrigenous mudstones
Lime mudstone/Micrite
 Carbonate Rocks Constituents
• The sand-sized grains that occur in carbonate rocks are called
allochemical particles or allochems.

The interpretation of the

depositional setting of
carbonates is based on
grain types, grain packing
or fabric, sedimentary
structures.
Carbonate Rocks Constituents
• Cement:
• sparry (twinkling crystalline) orthochemical material formed
in interstitial pore spaces of “grainy” carbonate sediment
• cement in pores indicates original void space
Carbonate Cement Fabrics

• Crust or rims coat grains

• Syntaxial overgrowth – optical continuity with
skeletal fabric
• Echinoid single crystals
• Brachiopod multiple crystals
• Blocky equant
• Meniscus
Meniscus Cement
Radial Ooids – Marine Cement

GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis

Gastropod – Aragonite Marine Cement

C. G. St. C. Kendall
Gastropod – Cement Fill of Test

C. G. St. C. Kendall
Carbonate Mineralogy
• Aragonite – high temperature mineral
• Calcite – stable in sea water & near surface crust
• Low Magnesium Calcite
• High Magnesium Calcite
• Imperforate foraminifera
• Echinoidea
• Dolomite – stable in sea water & near surface
• Carbonate mineralogy of oceans changes with time!
Klasifikasi
Klasifikasi
Klasifikasi
Autochthonous
Carbonates
A - Reef rock types (Embry &
Klovan, 1971)

B - Roles of organisms in the

construction of reef carbonates
(Tsien, 1994)

C – Dependence of reef rock

types on environmental
constraints of benthic
communities (After Wood, 1993)

Allochthonous versus Autochthonous
Carbonates
Reef complexes are essentially living buckets, in which the walls of the
bucket are composed of boundstone of living corals and related species,
the shallow inner lagoon is filled with fine grainstones and mudstone,
while the steep outer flanks are composed of coarser grainstones and
rudestone, formed from talus off the reef front.
Boundstones
Carbonate Depositional Environments
• Generic rimmed carbonate shelf platform – basin margin

217
Petrografi Batubara
Petrografi batubara adalah ilmu yang mempelajari komponen-komponen
organik (maceral) dan anorganik (mineral matter) secara mikroskopik. Seperti
pada petrografi mineral, petrografi batubara memerikan komponen-komponen
penyusun batubara secara kualitatif dan kuantitatif untuk mengetahui asal
mula dan genesa pembentukkan batubara.
• Ditinjau secara petrografi, batubara dapat
dikelompokan menjadi
a. lythotype,
b. microlithotype
c. maceral.
Maceral pada batubara adalah analog dengan
mineral pada batuan (anorganik). Maceral terbagi
atas tiga group, yaitu;
1. Vitrinite,
2. Liptinite
3. inertinite.
Coal Origin

231
Grup vitrinit berasal dari tumbuh-tumbuhan yang
mengandung serat kayu (woody tissue) seperti batang,
akar, dahan dan serat daun. Vitrinite umumnya merupakan
bahan penyusun utama batubara (>50%). Melalui
pengamatan mikroskop refraksi, grup vitrinit
memperlihatkan warna coklat kemerahan sampai gelap,
semakin tinggi peringkat batubara semakin gelap warna
maseralnya, demikian pula sebaliknya. Melalui
pengamatan miskroskop refleksi, grup vitrinit
memperlihatkan warna pantul lebih terang, mulai dari
abu-abu tua sampai abu-abu terang , semakin tinggi
peringkat batubara semakin terang warna pantul yang
dihasilkan
Grup liptinit berasal dari organ tumbuhan
(ganggang/algae, spora, kotak spora, kulit luar
(kutikula), getah tanaman (resin) dan serbuk sari
/pollen). Grup liptinit memiliki kandungan
hidrogen paling banyak dan kandungan karbon
paling sedikit bila dibandingkan dengan grup
maseral lainnya. Di bawah miskroskop refleksi
menunjukkan pantulan berwarna abu-abu sampai
gelap, mempunyai reflektivitas rendah dan
flouresens tinggi (Teichmueller, 1989).
Grup inertinit diperkirakan berasal dari tumbuhan yang
sudah terbakar (charcoal) dan sebagian lagi diperkirakan
akibat proses oksidasi dari maseral lainnya atau proses
decarboxylation yang disebabkan oleh jamur atau bakteri
(proses biokimia). Dengan adanya proses tersebut
kelompok inertinit memiliki kandungan oksigen relatif
tinggi, kandungan hidrogen rendah, dan ratio O/C lebih
tinggi dari pada grup vitrinit dan liptinit.

Grup inertinit memiliki nilai reflektensi tertinggi diantara

grup maseral lainnya. Dibawah miskroskop refleksi ,
inertinit memperlihatkan warna abu-abu hingga abu-abu
kehijauan, tetapi pada sinar ultra violet tidak
menunjukan flouresens
Material organik berasal dari berbagai macam
tumbuhan dan sebagian bercampur dengan
sedimen anorganik selama tahap pembentukan
gambut, oleh karena itu jenis batubara (coal
type) ditentukan pada tahap biokimia yang dapat
dipergunakan untuk mengetahui lingkungan
pengendapan batubara, terutama berdasarkan
material organiknya. Penentuan jenis batubara
(coal type) dapat secara mikroskopis dan
makroskopis.
Type batubara berkaitan dengan jenis tumbuhan asal
(komposisi maceral), lingkungan pengendapan dan
pengubahan bahan organic yang terjadi pada proses
pembatubaraan tahap biokimia (biochemical coalification
stage)

Rank batubara adalah posisi relatif pembatubaraan atau

derajat kematangan pengubahaan (transformation) bahan
organic pada proses pembatubaraan (geochemical
coalification) yang dimulai dari seri tahapan gambut - batubara
lignit – subbituminus dan bituminous – antrasit dan meta
antrasit sampai akhirnya ke semigrafit dan grafit.
Coal Identification

239
 SUBSTANSI BATUBARA

SUBSTANSI MACERAL

Fusinite
Fusinite cutinite
Cutinite Macrinite
marcenite
Sclerotinite
sclerotinite

Resinite
Resinite Sporinite
Sporinite Telinite
Telinite Fusinite dengan
Fusinite dengan
bogenstructur242
Bogen struktur
 0 100 mikron

Maseral Telocollinite,posisi sinar reflektan, perbesaran

20x (nomor conto 5).
0 100 mikron

Framboidal pirit, posisi sinar reflektan, perbesaran

50x (nomor conto 6).
a.

0 100 mikron

b.

0 100 mikron

Maseral Resinite, nomor contoh 1

a.Posisi sinar flourecense, perbesaran 20x
b.Posisi sinar reflektan, perbesaran 20x
Penentuan rank batubara dapat dilakukan dengan cara mengukur
reflektan vitrinite.

Pemilihan vitrinite sebagai maceral penentu rank batubara adalah karena maceral
ini umumnya selalu hadir dalam betubara dengan proporsi terbanyak dan
memiliki perubahan reflektan dan relative linier terhadap pembatubaraan jika
dibanding maceral – maceral lainnya.

Metoda penggunaan reflektan vitrinite dalam menentukan rank batubara

memiliki keunggulan dibanding cara konvensional (analisa kimia) oleh karena :
memiliki ketelitian tinggi dan akurat, tidak memerlukan contoh dalam jumlah
besar serta lebih mudah dan cepat.
Semakin matang suatu kerogen maka akan memiliki nilai pantulan (reflectance, Ro) yang besar.

Kerogen pada tahapan diagenesis hanya sedikit memantulkan cahaya sehingga memiliki nilai Ro di bawah
0,5% (immature).

Ketika struktur kerogen semakin memadat dan teratur dalam proses katagenesis akan semakin
memantulkan cahaya. Untuk kerogen pada proses katagenesis, akan memiliki kisaran nilai vitrinite
reflectance sekitar 0,6 – 1,3% dan mencapai maksimum pada nilai sekitar 0,8 – 1,0% dimana pembentukan
minyak bumi maksimal. Sedangkan untuk proses metagenesis, memiliki nilai Ro di atas 2%
CONTOH ANALISA PETROGRAFI BATUBARA UNTUK MENGETAHUI
KOMPOSISI MASERAL BATUBARA
ANALISA MASERAL
SUB VOL
KELOMPOK % %
VOL (mfb) KELOMPOK MASERAL (mfb
MASERAL VOL VOL
MASERAL )
Textinite
Telovitrinite
Texto-ulminite
(Humotelinite)
33.4 E-ulminite
Telocollinite 33.4
Attrinite
VITRINITE Detrovitrinite
80.0 80.0 Densinite 35.6
(HUMINITE) (Humodetrinite)
45.4 Desmocollinite
9.8
Corpogelinite 1.2
Gelovitrinite
Porigelinite
(Humocolinite)
1.2 Eugelinite
Sporinite
Cutinite
Resinite 1.0
Liptodetrinite
LIPTINITE
2.0 Alginite
(EXINITE)
Suberinite
Fluorinite
Exsudatinite
Bituminite
Fusinite
15.2 Telo-inertinite Semifusinite 5.6
Sclerotinite 9.6
INERTINITE 17.0 Inertodetrinite
1.8 Detro-inertinite 1.8
Micrinite
Gelo-inertinite Macrinite
Carb
MINERALS
1.0 Pyrite 1.0
MATTER
Clay
TOTAL 100