Performance task in Chemistry

GROUP OF ROA
Members & Contributors

 Roa
Bagos
Lazerna
Meneses
Maunahan
Problem

 Barangay Atteka reported to have a

diarrhea outbreak. It is suspected that the
water source is contaminated. You are a
group of sanitary engineers and tasked to
test the Potability of the water supply in
the barangay. The city health officer wants
to determine if the water supply is safe
enough for drinking purposes.
Problem

 You will prepare a report of your

investigation and water testing and present
it to the city health officer. The report is
expected to be comprehensive, based on
accurate scientific data, using
environmental-friendly procedures
Hypothesis

 Use several methods to make the water

potable than its previous state. Using
those methods, it will make the water
more clean , clear and more drinkable.
 Contents of some Tap Water
Characteristics of Potable Water

 Metals
Metals
 Metals,
Metals, for the most part, are naturally
for the most part, are naturally
present in source water, or are the result of
present in source water, or are the result
industrial activity. Some, such as copper
of industrial activity. Some, such as
and lead, may enter the drinking water
copper and lead, may enter the drinking
from plumbing in the distribution system.
water from plumbing in the distribution
system.
 Contents of some Tap Water

Taste and odour episodes in

drinking water have become
more prevalent in Ontario in
the past five years.
Contents of some Tap Water

 The cause is due to the

decomposition of blue-green
algae and generally occurs after
the algae blooms in the late
summer.
Contents of some Tap Water

 Special Health Concerns

 Some people may be more vulnerable to
contaminants in drinking water than the
general population. Immuno-
compromised persons such as persons
with cancer undergoing chemotherapy.
persons who have undergone organ
transplants,
Contents of some Tap Waters

 persons who have undergone organ

transplants, people with HIV/AIDS or
other immune system disorders, some
elderly, and infants can be particularly at
risk from infections. These people should
seek advice about drinking water from
their health care providers.
Contents of some Tap Waters

 Hardness and Water Quality

 Hardness is due to the presence of metal
ions that come from minerals dissolved
in the water. Hardness is based on the
ability of these ions to react with soap,
to form a precipitate or soap scum.
Contents of some Tap Waters


In fresh water, the primary ions are
calcium and magnesium; however,
iron and manganese may contribute
to hardness.
Contents of some Tap Waters

 Hardness and Water Quality



Lead – Too much Lead in the water

may cause Mental Retardation if
drank with too much contents of it.
PROCEDURES
Contents of some Tap Waters

 Hardness and Water Quality

Bacteria- Drinking Water with

bacteria may cause some
diseases. ( Fever, Leptospirosis ,
Diarrhea , Amoebiasis
Procedures on how to make water
potable
 Heating
Most germs die quickly at high
temperatures. Water that has been
boiled for 1 minute is safe to drink
after it has cooled.
Procedures on how to make water
potable

 Heating
If no other method of water disinfection
is available, very hot tap water may be
safe to drink if it has been in the tank for
a while.
Filtering

 A variety of filters are available from

camping stores. Most have filter
sizes between 0.1 and 0.4 microns,
which will remove bacteria from
water but will not remove viruses.
Filtering

 New “hollow fiber” technology can

remove viruses as well. “Reverse
osmosis” filters remove bacteria and
viruses and can also remove salt
from water, which is important for
ocean voyagers.
Chemicals

 Tablets or packets of powder can be

bought at drug stores to disinfect water.
These are usually combined chemical
disinfectants (such as chlorine or iodine)
with a substance that makes the water
clear and improves its taste.
Ultraviolet (UV) Light

 Portable units that deliver a measured

dose of UV light are an effective way to
disinfect small quantities of clear water.
However, this technique is less effective
in cloudy water since germs may be
shielded from the light by small
particles.
Ultraviolet (UV) Light

 Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI)

is a disinfection method that uses
ultraviolet(UV) light at sufficiently short
wavelength to kill microorganisms. It is
used in a variety of applications, such as
food, air and water purification. UVGI
utilizes short-wavelength ultraviolet
radiation (UV-C) that is harmful to
microorganisms.
Ultraviolet (UV) Light

 It is used in a variety of applications,

such as food, air and water
purification. UVGI utilizes short-
wavelength ultraviolet radiation
(UV-C) that is harmful to
microorganisms.
Ultraviolet (UV) Light

 It is effective in destroying the nucleic

acids in these organisms so that their DNA
is disrupted by the UV radiation, leaving
them unable to perform vital cellular
functions.
Solar Radiation

 In an emergency situation, water can be

disinfected with sunlight. Water in a
clear plastic bottle, preferably lying on a
reflective surface (such as aluminum
foil), will be safe to drink after a
minimum of 6 hours in bright sunlight.
This technique does not work on cloudy
water.
Solar Radiation

 This technique does not work on cloudy

water. Solar water disinfection is a type of
portable water purification that uses solar
energy, in one or more ways, to make
contaminated water safe to drink by
ridding it of infectious disease-causing
biological agents such as bacteria, viruses,
protozoa and worms.
Solar Radiation

 In one or more ways, to make

contaminated water safe to drink by
ridding it of infectious disease-
causing biological agents such as
bacteria, viruses, protozoa and
worms.
Flushing

 If you suspect your water taps in your

houses to have deviant contents, then
do open your taps and let the water flow
for five minutes before drinking the
water. It it to reduce the amount of
unreliable contents in the water.
 Table of Realization (Data)
Percentage of Changes after Doing the Stated above This
procedures presentation
Clearliness 44.3% >>>>>> 50%

Unwanted 26.7% >>>>>> 30%

contents
Potability 29% >>>>>> 50%

Rate of = 130%
Potability

Note: Percentage higher than 100% perceives that the water is

safe to drink.
 Table of Realization ( Data )
Hardness Concentration
Soft Water 0 to 17.1mg/L (0 to 1
grain/gallon)
Slightly Hard Water 17.1 to 51.3mg/L (1 to 3.5
grains/gallon)
Moderately Hard Water 51.3 to 119.7mg/L (3.5 to 7
grains/gallon)
Hard Water 119.7 to 179.55 mg/L (7 to
10.5 grains/gallon)
Very Hard Water over 179.55 mg/L (over
10.5 grains/gallon)
Data

 It was found out that after using those

procedures made the tap waters of Brgy.
Atteka more potable and much more cleaner
than its previous form. Because of the
cleanliness of the water. Also the diarrhea
outbreak cases went down.
Conclusion

 Certain water problems could be

purged by using scientific methods
that can make the water clean,
clearer and more drinkable.
Sources

 http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/water-
disinfection
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet_germicid
al_irradiation
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_water_disinfe
ction
http://water.epa.gov/drink/info/lead/lead1.cfm
http://www.chatham-
kent.ca/WaterandWastewaterServices/Water/Pa
ges/DrinkingWaterCharacteristics.aspx