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Radiography of Welds
Radiography of Welds
4/11/2019 3
DOUBLE WALL DOUBLE IMAGE –
DWDI.
PIPES WELD HAVING LESS THAN 3.5 INCH DIA., NEITHER
SWSI, NOR DWSI CAN BE PRACTICED.
DWDI IS THE ONLY CHOICE.
RADIATION PENETRATES TWO WALLS AND TWO
IMAGES ARE OBTAINED FOR INTERPRETATION BY OFF
SETTING THE SOURCE TO GET AN ELLIPTICAL SHOT. IN
ORDER TO PRODUCE A RADIOGRAPH WITH MINIMUM Ug
LARGE SFD SHALL BE GIVEN TAKING OD AS THE
DISTANCE BETWEEN THE OBJECT AND FILM.
AT THE EXTREEME CONE OF RADIATION THE WALL
THICKNESS CONSIDERABLY INCREASES FOR
PENETRATING RADIATION AND THIS AREA DO NOT
PRODUCE SUITABLE IMAGE WITH REQUIRED DENSITY.
HENCE TWO EXPOSURES ARE ESSENTIAL AT 90° APART.4
4/11/2019
DOUBLE WALL DOUBLE IMAGE –
DWDI.
PIPES WELD HAVING LESS THAN 3.5 INCH DIA., NEITHER
SWSI, NOR DWSI CAN BE PRACTICED.
DWDI IS THE ONLY CHOICE.
RADIATION PENETRATES TWO WALLS AND TWO
IMAGES ARE OBTAINED FOR INTERPRETATION. IN
ORDER TO PRODUCE A RADIOGRAPH WITH MINIMUM Ug
LARGE SFD SHALL BE GIVEN TAKING OD AS THE
DISTANCE BETWEEN THE OBJECT AND FILM.
AT THE EXTREEME CONE OF RADIATION THE WALL
THICKNESS CONSIDERABLY INCREASES FOR
PENETRATING RADIATION AND THIS AREA DO NOT
PRODUCE SUITABLE IMAGE WITH REQUIRED DENSITY.
HENCE TWO EXPOSURES ARE ESSENTIAL AT 90
DEGREE ARE ESSENTIAL.
4/11/2019 5
DOUBLE WALL SUPERIMPOSED
TECHNIQUE:
THICK WALL TUBES HAVING OD/ID RATIO
>1.414 DWDI TECHNIQUE WILL NOT COVER
COMPLETE AREA FOR INSPECTION.
SO DOUBLE WALL SUPER IMPOSED
TECHNIQUE IS PRACTICED BY PLACING THE
SOURCE VERTICALLY ABOVE THE WELD AND
BOTH THE IMAGES ARE SUPERIMPOSED ONE
ABOVE THE OTHER.
MINIMUM THREE EXPOSURES AT 120
DEGREE APART ARE REQUIRED, BUT ACTUAL
NUMBER OF SHOTS REQUIRED = 1.7(OD/ID),
CORRECT TO THE NEXT HIGHEST INTEGER.
4/11/2019 6
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF
THE VARIOUS TECHNIQUES.
SWSI:
PLATE WELDS, CIRCUMFRENTIAL AND
LONGITUDINAL JOINTS IN LARGE VESSELS,
CASTINGS,
STORAGE TANKS, HORTONSPHERES,
ASSEMBLIES
4/11/2019 7
SWSI PARAMETERS
WELD TYPE SFD IQI ENERGY
CONE
ANGLE
PLATE-BUTT T{f/ug+1} SS For single Half cone
wall angle 23°
E D
PRESENT SEGMENT DE
4/11/2019 9
DWDI PIPE OD < 3.5 “
*
*
* OFF SET
SFD=OD{f/Ug+1}
IQI SS SIDE
1 2
3 4
4/11/2019 11
HINTS FOR PRACTICE
AS THE RADIATION CONE IS DIVERGING THE FILM SHALL
BE PREFERABLY PLACED ON CONVEX SIDE –AVOID ON
CONCAVE SIDE AS FAR AS PRACTICABLE.
THE SELECTION OF SOURCE DEPENDS UPON THE HVT
THICKNESS OF THE JOB UNDER INVESTIGATION, TO GET
THE REQUIRED CONTRAST ON THE FILM THE JOB
THICKNESS SHALL BE AT LEAST 2HVTS OR MORE w.r.t TO
THE SOURCE.
CORRECT EXPOSURE GIVES A SATISFACTORY
RADIOGRAPH, IMPROPER EXP. SHALL NOT BE
COMPENSATED WITH TIME OF DEVELOPMENT.
HIGHEST CONTRAST, ADEQUATE DENSITY, SHARPEST
DEFN, & LEAST DISTORTION ARE THE BASIC
REQUIREMENT
4/11/2019 FOR A RADIOGRAPH. 12
RADIOGRAPHIC IMAGE
QUALITY- SENSITIVITY
2-2T LEVEL OF INSPECTION:
THE FIRST 2 FOR CONTRAST AND 2T FOR DEFN.
IMAGE QUALITY DEPENDS BOTH ON CONTRAST AND
DFN.
SENSITIVITY
I Q I
CONTRAST DEFN
2 2T
2
SUBJECT FILM Ug Uf Ui Um
4/11/2019 13
REASONS FOR POOR QUALTIY
RADIOGRAPHS.
1. ARTIFACTS
2. WRONG SELECTION OF SOURCE/ENERGY
3. WRONG SELECTION OF TECHNIQUE
4. SHORT SFD AND LONG OFD
5. WRONG SELECTION OF FILM, SCREEN AND FILM
SCREEN COMBINATION
6. PREVENTION OF BACK SCATTER, SIDE SCTTER
AND FORWARD SCATTER
7. IMPROPER PROCESSING
8. POOR ILLUMINATOR & ILLUMINATION
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