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CFD Lecture
CFD Lecture
Fluid Dynamics
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What is CFD?
What is CFD and its objective?
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Why use CFD?
Why use CFD?
– Analysis and Design
Simulation-based design instead of “build & test”
– More cost effectively and more rapidly than with experiments
– CFD solution provides high-fidelity database for interrogation of
flow field
Simulation of physical fluid phenomena that are difficult to be
measured by experiments
– Scale simulations (e.g., full-scale ships, airplanes)
– Hazards (e.g., explosions, radiation, pollution)
– Physics (e.g., weather prediction, planetary boundary layer,
stellar evolution)
– Knowledge and exploration of flow physics
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Where is CFD used? (Aerospace)
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Where is CFD used? (Automotive)
– HVAC&R
– Hydraulics
– Marine
– Oil & Gas
Twin-screw extruder
– Power Generation modeling
– Sports
Shear rate distribution in twin-
screw extruder simulation 9
Where is CFD used? (HVAC&R)
– Power Generation
– Sports
Flow of lubricating
mud over drill bit 13
Where is CFD used? (Power Generation)
Inviscid Viscous
Laminar Turbulence
Internal External
Compressible Incompressible (airfoil, ship)
(pipe,valve)
(air, acoustic) (water)
Continuity
u u u u p
x u x x u y x u z x xx yx zx g x
t x y z x x y z
Equation of motion
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Navier-Stokes Equations
C.L. M. H. Navier, Memoire sur les Lois du Mouvements des Fluides, Mem. de l’Acad. d. Sci.,6, 398 (1822)
C.G. Stokes, On the Theories of the Internal Friction of Fluids in Motion, Trans. Cambridge Phys. Soc., 8, (1845)
Navier-Stokes Equations
(constant and m)
u x u x u x u x p 2 ux 2 ux 2 ux
u x uy uz m 2 2 2 g x
t x y z x x y z
y u u u u y p 2
u 2
u 2
uy
u x y
uy
y
uz m 2 2 2 g y
y y
t x y z y x y z
u z u z u z u z p 2 u z 2 u z 2 u z
u x uy uz m 2 2 2 g z
t x y z z x y z
D
v p m 2v g
Dt 20
Navier–Stokes Example
u y u y u y u y p 2 u y 2 u y 2 u y
u x uy u z m 2 2 2 g y
t x y z y x y z
dp d 2uy
0 m 2 g
dy dx
duy x dp Fluid
Integrate g C1
dx m dy
x2 d p L
Integrate u y g C1 x C2
2m dy
B.C. u y 0 at x 0, u y 0 at x L
y
L dp
C1 C2 0
2m dy
g
x
1 dp
Final Expression u y g ( Lx - x 2
) Laminar Flow
2m dy Static Parallel Plates
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Modeling
Mathematical representation of the physical problem
– Some problems are exact (e.g., laminar pipe flow)
– Exact solutions only exist for some simple cases. In
these cases nonlinear terms can be dropped from the N-
S equations which allow analytical solution.
– Most cases require models for flow behavior [e.g., K-e,
K-w, Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes equations
(RANS) or Large Eddy Simulation (LES) for turbulent
flow]
Initial —Boundary Value Problem (IBVP), include:
governing Partial Differential Equations (PDEs), Initial
Conditions (ICs) and Boundary Conditions (BCs)
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Turbulent Flow Representation
(K-e as an example)
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Turbulent Boundary Layer
y
Bulk Stream
x
U0 Edge of boundary layer
Outer layer
d U w
w
u d
dy y 0 u
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y+ and Turbulence Models
COMSOL has many turbulent models available
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Finite Differences
u u i 1, j u i , j 2u x 3u x 2
2 3
x i, j x x i, j 2 x i, j 6
Methods of Solution
u 2u x 2 3 u x 3
u i 1, j u i , j x 2 3
x i, j x i, j 2 x i, j 6
x
jmax
j+1
j
y
j-1 Taylor’s Series Expansion
u i,j = velocity of fluid
o i-1 i i+1 imax x
f ( x) sin 2 x
at : x 0.2 f ( x) 0.9511
f
f x x f ( x ) x
x
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CFD process
Geometry description
Specification of flow conditions and properties
Selection of models
Specification of initial and boundary conditions
Grid generation and transformation
Specification of numerical parameters
Flow solution
Post processing: Analysis, and visualization
Uncertainty assessment
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Geometry description
Typical approaches
– Make assumptions and
simplifications
– CAD/CAE integration
– Engineering drawings
– Coordinates include Cartesian
system (x,y,z), cylindrical system (r,
θ, z), and spherical system(r, θ, Φ)
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Flow conditions and properties
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Selection of models for flow field
Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS) is to solve the N-S
equations directly without any modeling. Grid must be fine
enough to resolve all flow scales. Applied for laminar flow
and rare be used in turbulent flow.
Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (NS) equations (RANS)
is to perform averaging of NS equations and establishing
turbulent models for the eddy viscosity. Too many
averaging might damping vortical structures in turbulent
flows
Large Eddy Simulation (LES), Smagorinsky’ constant
model and dynamic model. Provide more instantaneous
information than RANS did. Instability in complex
geometries
Detached Eddy Simulation (DES) is to use one single
formulation to combine the advantages of RANS and LES.
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Initial and boundary conditions
For steady/unsteady flow
IC should not affect final solution, only convergence path, i.e.
iteration numbers needed to get the converged solution.
Robust codes should start most problems from very crude IC, .
But more reasonable guess can speed up the convergence.
Boundary conditions
– No-slip or slip-free on the wall, periodic, inlet (velocity
inlet, mass flow rate, constant pressure, etc.), outlet
(constant pressure, velocity convective, buffer zone,
zero-gradient), and non-reflecting (compressible flows,
such as acoustics), etc.
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Grid generation
Grids can either be structured (hexahedral)
or unstructured (tetrahedral). Depends
upon type of discretization scheme and
application
– Scheme
Finite differences: structured
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Grid generation and transformation
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Grid transformation
y
o x o
Physical domain Computational domain
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Numerical parameters & flow
solution
Numerical parameters are used to control flow
solution.
– Under relaxation factor, tridiagonal or
pentadiagonal solvers
– CFD Labs using FlowLab
Monitor residuals (change of results
between iterations)
Number of iterations for steady flow or
number of time steps for unsteady flow
Flow solution
– Solve the momentum, pressure Poisson
equations and get flow field quantities, such as
velocity, turbulence intensity, pressure and
integral quantities (drag forces) 40
Numerical parameters & flow
solution
Typical time
history of
residuals
The closer the
flow field to the
converged
solution, the
smaller the speed
of the residuals
decreasing.
Solution converged, residuals do
not change after more iterations
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Post-processing
Analysis, and visualization
– Calculation of derived variables
Vorticity
Wall shear stress
Simple 2D contours
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Post-processing (Parallel Plates)
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Post-Processing (example)
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Uncertainty assessment
Rigorous methodology for uncertainty assessment using
statistical and engineering concepts
– Verification: process for assessing simulation numerical
uncertainty
Iterative convergence: monitoring point & integral quantities should
change within the convergence criterions
Grid independent studies: 3-grids and Richardson Extrapolation
– Validation: process for assessing simulation modeling uncertainty
by using benchmark experimental data
Certification: full Verification and Validation done for a
certain range of geometries & parameters which are well
known and then extrapolated, qualitatively as well as
quantitative
– Simulating flows for which experiments are difficult (e.g., full-
scale Reynolds numbers, hypersonic flows, off-design conditions)
– Objective: Simulation-based design
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CFD Example
Sulzer Chemtech
250 Y Plastic
Structured Packing
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Geometry
• CT > STL > CFD
• CT = 0.322 mm
Min Resolution
• Copy/Pasted 2x
• Surface Wrapping
• Adaptive Meshing
• Tetrahedral Mesh
• Polyhedral Mesh
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Mess Dimensions
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Experiment vs. Simulation
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Simulation
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N2 - July 27
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N2 - July 28
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Pressure Loss (Pa)
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90 y = 23.462x1.8022
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R² = 0.9998 y = 21.97910x1.76234
R² = 0.99996
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40
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20
10
0
0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2 2.25 2.5 2.75 3
F-factor (ft/s*[lb/ft3]1/2) 49
Velocity Map
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Software and resources
CFD software was built upon physics, modeling, numerics.
Two types of available software
– Commercial (e.g., FLUENT, CFX, Star-CCM, COMSOL)
– Research (e.g., CFDSHIP-IOWA, U2RANS)
More information on CFD can be got on the following website:
– CFD Online: http://www.cfd-online.com/
– CFD software
FLUENT: http://www.fluent.com/
COMSOL http://www.comsol.com/
CD-adapco: http://www.cd-adapco.com/
GridPro: http://www.gridpro.com/
– Visualization software
Tecplot: http://www.amtec.com/
Fieldview: http://www.ilight.com/
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