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1. Cross-sectional area, S
2. Velocity, u
3. Pressure, p
4. Density, r
5. Temperature, T
d m dS du d r
0
m S u r
u2 dp
d gdz dh f 0
2 r
u2 dp f dL u 2
d gdz 4 0
2 r D 2
1 B T U 7 7 8 f t lb f
Isothermal, Frictional
P1, r1 P2, r2
Differential Balance
1 dr 1 du
0
r dx u dx
du dz 1 dp dh f ˆ
u g W
dx dx r dx dx
turbulent horizontal no compressor
du 1 dp 4 f u
2
u 0
dx r dx D 2
du dz dT dQ ˆ
m u g Cp Wc
dx dx dx dx
turbulent horizontal isothermal no work
du 1 dQ
u
dx m dx
Note: This indicates that there must be heat transfer
because dT = 0. This is the heat required to keep T
constant.
1 dp 1 dr 1 dT
0
p dx r dx T dx
isothermal
1 dp 1 dr
0
p dx r dx
p2 dp r1 p2 2f L
2 p dp dx 0
p1 p p1G p1 D 0
T constant constant
Dr u
Re constant f constant
P1, r1 P2, r2
Gmax r2 p2
p2 zRT u
umax
r2 S ,T Ernst Mach (1838-1916)
M
Thus for a constant cross-section pipe the maximum obtainable velocity is Mach
one for any receiver pressure. This is said to be choked flow.
PCritical
P1 Vsonic
GMax
P Mwt
G Ur U G
R T
PCritical P1
CBE 150A – Transport Spring Semester 2014
Example Problem (maximum flow)
Assume
subsonic flow Calculate Calculate
Assume G NRE
at the end of f
the pipe.
Calculate
Iterate
G
Calculate
V at end
of pipe
If V > V sonic - flow is unattainable - got to next page
Calculate
V sonic at
end of
pipe
Assume sonic
flow at the Assume Assume Calculate
end of the GMax FDTF f
pipe.
Calculate
Iterate
GMax
P = 3014 psia
P = 1 atm
p0 pr
T0 Tr
Q 0 S 0
In this case The mass balance and MEB are the same as
that for the isothermal case.
Now though the total energy balance will give a relation
between the velocity and temperature
du dT
u Cp 0
dx dx
1 dp 1 dr 1 dT
0
p dx r dx T dx
Given the normal equation of state, the TEB, MEB, and the
thermodynamic relation Cp – Cv = zR/M, isentropic flow gives
the following useful values.
pV p0V0
p p0
Cp
r r 0
Cv
1
p T
p0 T0
Integrating
1
2 p0 p
u u0
2 2
1 u↔p
r 0 1 p0
2 zRT0 T
u u 1 u↔T
2 2
M 1 T0
0
1
2 p r
u 2 u02 0
1 u↔r
r0 1 r0
dp p RT
uS , S
dr S r M
1
2 p0
N 2
1
1 p
Ma
and
2 T0
N 2
1
1 T
Ma
1
S 1 2 1N Ma
2 2 1
S *
N Ma 1
T 1 2 r 1 2
1 1
1
1 N Ma 1 N Ma
T0 2 r0 2
These ratios are often tabulated versus NMa for air ( = 1.4).
One must use the equations for gases with ≠ 1.4.
1
2 1
m max S * r0 p0
1
Po Pt PR
Isentropic Paths
PR = P c
PR = P e
PR = P f
Non-Isentropic
Paths
Pe< PR < Pf
Air flows from a large supply tank at 300 F and 20 atm (absolute) through
a converging-diverging nozzle. The cross-sectional area of the throat is 1
ft2 and the velocity at the throat is sonic. A normal shock occurs at a point
in the diverging section of the nozzle where the cross-sectional area is
1.18 ft2. The Mach number just after the shock is 0.70.
What are the new conditions (T2 and P2 ) after the shock ?
What is the Mach number and pressure at a point in the diverging section of the
nozzle where the cross-sectional area is 1.8 ft2 ?