CHOLERA

• Cholera is a disease of acute diarrhea, caused

by intestinal infections caused by bacteria
VIBRIO CHOLERAE Infection is usually mild or
asymptomatic, but sometimes severe.
Approximately 1 out of every 20 patients
experience severe pain with symptoms of very
dilute diarrhea, vomiting, and cramps in the
foot
 EPIDEMIOLOGY
• Characteristic of cholera, when attacking a completely
new area, which had not previously known cholera, the
highest incidence occurred in young adult males. But
when the disease has begun to become endemic,
incidence in women and children will increase. In the
last 30 years, the results of laboratory and
epidemiological studies have led to a major change in
thinking about cholera. What was once believed to be
that humans are the only reservoir of V.cholerae O1,
has now changed because V.cholerae O1 has been able
to live in the wild and have a natural reservoir. This
means that cholera control will not work if it is
centered only on the infected individual
 ETIOLOGY
• Cholera disease is caused by the bacterium vibrio
cholerae which is a gram negative aerobic
bacteria measuring 0.2-0.4 mm x 1.5-4.0 mm,
easily known in cholera stool preparation with
gram staining as short stems sedkit bent (coma ),
arranged in groups like swarms of fish swimming.
V. Cholerae is divided into 2 classical and El Tor
biotypes, which are divided according to their
biochemical structure and other laboratory
parameters. Each biotype is subdivided into 2
serotypes ie inaba and ogawa.
 PATHOGENESIS
• Cholera is transmitted by oral route. When the
vibrio manages to escape from the primary
pertahanaan in the mouth and swallowed, this
bakten will be quickly killed in the stomach acid
that is not diluted. If Vibrio can survive through
stomach acid, it will develop in the small
intestine. The alkaline atmosphere of this small
intestine is a profitable medium for her to live
and multiply. The amount can reach about 10 /
ml of fecal fluid. The first step in the pathogenesis
of cholera is due to the outer protein membrane
and the adhesion of the flagella.
pathogenesis underlying the occurrence of the
disease is caused by the vibrio chollerae-induced
enterotoxins that cause massive loss of fluid and
electrolytes caused by the work of toxins in the
small intestinal epithelial cells, especially in the
duodenum and yuyenum.
 SYMPTOMS
• Dehydration. Cholera that has caused symptoms for several hours can lead to
dehydration or body fluid deficiency. Severe dehydration occurs when the body
loses fluid more than 10 percent of total body weight.
At the time of dehydration due to cholera, one can feel some of the symptoms below:

• The mouth is dry.

• Arrhythmias or heart rhythm disturbances.
• Sunken eyes.
• Easy to get angry.
• Feel very thirsty.
• Body lethargic.
• Hypotension or low blood pressure.
• Lethargy.
• Urine that came out little or no.
• Skin wrinkled and dry.
 COMPLICATION
Larger fluid and electrolyte losses can be harmful and fatal. Shock and severe
dehydration are the most dangerous cholera complications. In addition there
are several other health problems that can arise due to cholera, namely:

• Hypokalemia, or potassium deficiency that can lead to impaired heart and

nerve function.

• Kidney failure, which results from loss of the kidney's ability to filter, thus
releasing large amounts of fluid and electrolytes from the body. Shock
often appears in cholera sufferers who have kidney failure.

• Hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar levels that can occur if the patient is too
sick to eat. This can be dangerous because glucose is the body's main
source of energy. Missing awareness, convulsions, and even death can
occur due to these complications. Children are more susceptible to
hypoglycemia.
 DIAGNOSIS
• bacteria should be identified through stool
samples.

• In addition to the method or method, there is

also a fast cholesterol dipstick test that is now
widely used where it is a healthcare provider
provided especially in remote areas.
 MANAGEMENT
Overcoming cholera will be much easier after the diagnosis process because the appropriate treatments
can be determined appropriately. For a solution to the state of cholera who is an emergency, there are
several easy steps that can be tried, namely:

• Antibiotics. An antibiotic drug has always been a highly reliable drug because it is the task to reduce
the amount of bacteria. Even persistent diarrhea due to cholera can be further shortened by
antibiotics. (Also read: antibiotic danger without a prescription)

• Supplement. Zinc supplements are what can be given to cholera sufferers because the benefits are
to make the diarrhea condition better and subside. This supplement is more often given to patients
who are still children.

• Infusion. People who are sick and lose a lot of fluid obviously will not avoid severe dehydration, and
by giving the infusion, patients with fluid shortage will get enough fluids back.

• Oralit. Like diarrhea sufferers who are not due to cholera, ORS can effectively add fluids to the body
of the sufferer. The lost liquid and electrolyte can be replaced by this oralit. Simply by providing
bottled mineral water, powder-shaped oralit can be mixed into the water for us to drink. Do not use
raw water, make sure the water to be mixed is boiled water; can also cook water to boil and no
need to buy bottled water.